Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

Article 153: Internal Workplace Regulations

Industrial and commercial companies that normally employ twenty-five or more permanent workers across various factories or sections, even if situated in different locations, are required to establish internal rules of order, health, and safety. These rules must detail the obligations and prohibitions workers must adhere to regarding their work and their safety while on company premises.

A copy of these regulations must be submitted to the Ministry of Health and the Labour Department within five days of their finalization.

Staff representatives, individual workers, or trade union organizations within the enterprise may challenge any aspect of the regulations they deem illegal. Challenges should be filed... Continue reading "Workplace Regulations: Ensuring Safety and Compliance" »

Trade Constitution Society Proceedings

Steps to Establish a Company

1. Verify trade name availability.
2. Open a company bank account.
3. Draft the company's constitution.
4. Notarize the company's constitution.
5. Obtain interim CIF (Tax Identification Code).
6. Pay taxes and legal fees.
7. Register the company in the Commercial Register.

Marketing Techniques

Understanding the Business Environment

Analyze the enterprise environment to identify opportunities for development. Combine four key elements to achieve objectives: product pricing, distribution, and promotion.

Product Characteristics

• Packaging: Facilitates transport, storage, and preservation.
• Expanded Product: Includes additional services like home delivery and technical support.

Pricing Methods

1. Cost-Based: Add desired

Profit and Loss (Income Statement)

The profit and loss statement, also known as the income statement, summarizes a company's revenues, costs, and expenses during a specific period.

A) Operating Result

• Income:
  • Income from holdings
  • Product sales
  • Service provisions
  • Other regularly obtained income
• Operating Expenses:
  • Purchase of raw materials, components, and merchandise
  • Salaries and Social Security (SS)
  • Rent, supplies, repairs, and conservation expenses
  • Amortization (Depreciation)

B) Financial Result (I-II)

• I) Financial Income:
  • Interest and dividends received
• II) Financial Expenses:
  • Interest paid

C) Result Before Taxes (A + B)

D) Net Result (After 30% Corporate Tax)

Balance Sheet

Assets

1. Non-Current Assets
   • a) Intangible
   • b) Tangible (Material)
2. Current Assets / Circulating

Business Structures

Personalistic

• Sole Proprietorship: A natural person operates their own company through commercial, industrial, or professional activities.
• Members: 1
• Liability: Unlimited
• Capital: No minimum
• Formation: ID and voluntary registration in the Trade Register.

Kommanditgesellschaft (Limited Partnership)

• A personalist society where partners work collectively under unlimited joint liability.
• Members: 2
• Liability: Not illegal
• Formation: Deed, registration in the Commercial Register.

Collective Society (General Partnership)

• A society consisting of members with unlimited liability and limited partners with limited liability, participating in activities directed exclusively by commercial partners.
• Membership: 2
• Liability: Unlimited for collective

Multi-Circuit: Intermittent Power Supply

This electronic circuit provides intermittent power and can be supplemented with a device that detects malfunctions by placing two additional transistors.

Veri.Mani: Pilot Testing and Reverse Voltage

Pilot testing began with a system that does not function in reverse voltage to current.

Fuel Level Sensors: Analog and Digital Indicators

Fuel level sensors are responsible for displaying the amount of liquid in a deposit. These can be analog or digital and are based on the principle of a float or rheostat.

Oil Pressure Monitoring: Lamp and Monocontacto

Oil pressure is usually controlled by a lamp. If the oil level is low, the unit responsible for lighting the lamp is called a monocontacto. When cranking or starting... Continue reading "Automotive Electronic Systems: Functionality and Operation" »

Quality Product Criteria

A quality product achieves its desired objective at the lowest possible cost.

Quality Healthcare Professionals

Quality healthcare professionals require suitable facilities, advanced technology, and adequate training.

Detecting Quality: Manager's View

Effectiveness is the most detectable quality characteristic for managers. It means achieving objectives efficiently, allowing resource allocation to other needs.

User Perspective on Quality Healthcare

Users value proper personal care, effective treatments, continuity, and efficiency.

Scientific-Technical Quality vs. User Efficiency

Scientific-technical quality is often overlooked by users, especially in public health systems where the cost-benefit relationship isn't direct.

Accreditations

Respiratory System

The respiratory system is formed by the ducts through which air circulates, and by small cavities called alveoli, which are capable of entering the bloodstream. At the same time, blood circulates CO2 through the tubes of the respiratory system.

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose and nostrils: Two cavities located in the center of the face. Function: To warm and moisten the air.
• Pharynx: Connects the mouth with the larynx and nasal passages. It also communicates through the auditory tube. It forms part of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
• Larynx: Formed by cartilage and bone, it connects the pharynx with the trachea. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate with airflow to produce the voice.

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea: A tube

Substantial Changes in Working Conditions

When justified by economic, technical, organizational, or production reasons, a company may modify working conditions such as daily hours, shift work, compensation, work systems, and performance features, provided the change exceeds functional mobility limits.

These changes must be communicated to the worker and their legal representatives at least one month in advance. If the worker disagrees, they may appeal to a labor court. Collective changes require a consultation period of at least 15 days with the workers' legal representatives before the company can notify the changes to the workers.

Suspension of Employment Contract

Concepts, Causes, and Effects

Suspension of the employment contract means a temporary... Continue reading "Changes and Suspension of Employment Contracts" »

**Factors Influencing Spanish Agriculture**

**1. Environmental Conditions**

• **Aridity:** A significant portion of Spain experiences low annual rainfall. The summer months coincide with the highest levels of evapotranspiration, further reducing water availability.
• **Temperatures:** The number of days with frost limits the cultivation of certain crops. Other plants require very hot summers. Temperature and rainfall patterns determine the suitability of different agricultural species.
• **Topography:** Topography significantly influences both climate and soil conditions.
• **Soil:** Spain features a variety of soil types. Humid regions are dominated by brown soils, with varying fertility depending on texture. In the Mediterranean climate zone, brown

OSI Model Essentials

The OSI model, developed by ISO, standardizes protocols dominated by TCP/IP and is crucial for network designers. It comprises seven layers for sending commands:

Application Layer

Provides user access to the OSI environment and distributed information services.

Presentation Layer

Ensures application processes are independent of data representation differences.

Session Layer

Manages communication between applications, establishing, managing, and closing connections.

Transport Layer

Ensures secure, transparent data transfer between points, including error recovery and flow control.

Network Layer

Manages switching and transmission techniques, establishing, maintaining, and closing connections at the hardware level.

Data Link Layer

Provides... Continue reading "Understanding the OSI Model: 7 Layers of Network Communication" »