Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Understanding Chromatography

Chromatography is used in column chromatography. The y-axis represents the intensity of the signal provided by the detector, and the x-axis represents time. Peaks can give us sample information, both qualitative and quantitative. Detectors are usually connected to computers that provide the different peak parameters (height, amplitude, etc.), relating them to the concentration. The position of the peak (time) provides qualitative information, and the areas or heights of the peak provide quantitative information.

The retention time, tR, is the time it takes for a component to come out from the injection of the sample into the column up to the middle of its peak. The areas of the peaks are proportional to the concentration... Continue reading "Understanding Chromatography: Principles, Phases, and Methodology" »

Dear John/Hi John,

It's great to hear from you after so long! How are you doing? I'm so excited about your visit next summer. Let me give you some tips so you can get ready.

First of all, there are some places which you can't miss! For example, here in Barcelona you should totally visit Sagrada Familia, an ancient cathedral. It was nominated to become one of the new seven wonders of the world. Also, don't forget to check out Castelldefels viewpoint - you will have the best views of Barcelona and the whole city.

As for clothes, remember that it can get super hot in Barcelona, especially for foreigners! So forget about long sleeves or trousers and just pack some shorts, T-shirts, and sandals. Oh, remember to bring a cap, too!

By the way, do you have... Continue reading "Tips for Visiting Barcelona: What to See and Pack" »

What is the Difference Between Principle - Principle of Operation?

Brayton Cycle

The continuous combustion cycle.

How Does Engine Thrust Vary?

Low temperature gives greater thrust.

Which Statement is True?

At lower engine speeds...

Static Thrust is Developed

Aircraft on the ground and stationary.

The Fan Bypass Ratio (BPR)

The mass ratio of air that passes...

P2 and P7 Sensors are Pickups for

Inlet and outer pressures.

Thrust

Increases with an increase in speed.

EPR (Engine Pressure Ratio) is

The main parameter that shows the thrust produced.

Compressor Inlet Screens

For protection against Foreign Object Debris (FOD).

Intakes are Designed to

Decelerate the free air stream.

What is the Shape of a Jet Engine Air Intake?

Divergent

Compressor Stall

Is the airflow separation... Continue reading "Jet Engine Fundamentals and Operations" »

Synchro Systems

• What lead on a transistor has a colored dot? - Collector lead.
• Differential synchro system - Combines two or more inputs.
• Which of these creates error voltage? - TDX.
• Controlled system - The processing plant range which is to be...
• Control units in a control synchro system are driven by - Electromagnetic or mechanical means.
• Resolvers generally provide - Very reliable outputs.
• Resolver synchro system - Transmits angular position with high accuracy.
• Air gap inaccuracies in synchros - Bring huge problems in controlling.
• Instability of transmitter - The momentum of the servo motor to go...
• If the synchro transmitter rotor is turned - The field turns the same angle.
• Torque systems are used for - Light loads, such as the position of dials..

Normal shock wave leads - to total turbulence behind shock wave

How to calculate drag coefficient - ratio between drag pressure to dynamic pressure

Turbulence caused by wing vortices absorb - increased induced drag

Induced drag reduced - higher aspect ratio

Lift augmentation devices - increase lift at slow speed (takeoff landing)

Wing fences used to reduce - effects of span-wise flow

Directional stability - sweepback of wing and vertical tail

Control surfaces give longitudinal control - elevators

Acceleration - change of velocity divided by time during which change occurs

Resistance of skin friction of air passes - parasite drag

Lift produced by an airfoil is resultant - relative wind

Types of stability - dynamic and static

Generally center of pressure

be - was/were - been - ser, estar

become - became - become - llegar a ser, convertirse

begin - began - begun - empezar

break - broke - broken - romper

bring - brought - brought - traer

build - built - built - construir

buy - bought - bought - comprar

catch - caught - caught - coger, agarrar

choose - chose - chosen - elegir

come - came - come - venir

cost - cost - cost - costar

cut - cut - cut - cortar

do - did - done - hacer

draw - drew - drawn - dibujar

dream - dreamt - dreamt - soñar

drink - drank - drunk - beber

drive - drove - driven - conducir

eat - ate - eaten - comer

fall - fell - fallen - caer

feed - fed - fed - alimentar

feel - felt - felt - sentir

fight - fought - fought - luchar, pelear

find - found - found - encontrar

fly - flew - flown - volar

forget

Introducing the New iPhone 15

Hello, my name is Luis. I am an employee in Apple's Sales Department, and today I am here to present the newest device from our company: the iPhone 15.

Product Innovations and Features

This device is a new and improved version of the last model. Its key innovations are not focused on external design changes, but rather on significant internal enhancements.

Some of its major improvements include:

• Up to 5 hours more battery performance.
• Enhanced camera and video quality.
• Advanced 3D screen viewing capability.
• Integration of the fastest processor in the history of mobile phones.

Target Market and Consumer Profile

The iPhone 15 is generally directed toward users with a medium-to-high income. Given the features presented, it... Continue reading "iPhone 15 Launch: Features, Specs, and Premium Market Focus" »

Embracing Failure for Professional Growth

• Integrate failures as a catalyst for change: Do not hide, ignore, or minimize them.
• Conduct post-error analysis: A thorough review helps prevent future mistakes. This integration of errors should be both intellectual and emotional.
• View mistakes as a necessary step to success: Discard guilt and understand that it is all part of the progress.

The Power of Personal Integration

• Integrate every layer of your personality: This projects unity, authenticity, and honesty.
• Cultivate self-awareness and self-knowledge: These are core to compassionate thinking and the analysis of events.
• Renew your personal commitment daily: Let positive thinking and personal leadership rule, as negativity is a threat to progress.

Understanding

Aerodynamics

The study of the properties of moving air, and especially of the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it.

Airfoil

A structure with curved surfaces designed to give the most favorable ratio of lift to drag in flight, used as the basic form of the wings, fins, and horizontal stabilizer of most aircraft.

Angle of Attack

Is the angle between the oncoming air or relative wind and a reference line on the airplane or wing.

Angle of Incidence

The acute angle the wing chord makes with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is called the angle of incidence, or the angle of wing setting. A Chord Line is a line depicting the chord which extends forward of the leading edge.

Boundary Layer

On an aircraft wing the boundary layer... Continue reading "Understanding Aerodynamics and Aircraft Flight" »