Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

Dry Columns: Firefighter Access

Dry columns are designed exclusively for firefighters. They consist of galvanized steel studs, typically 80 mm in diameter, and are empty. A water outlet is usually located on the front of the building, on the ground floor. The column ascends or descends within the stairwell of buildings, providing hydrants on each floor. In the event of a fire, dry columns facilitate water flow and pressure for firefighters.

Dry columns are required in all buildings exceeding 24 meters in height, except for hospitals, where the limit is 15 meters. They are also required in parking lots with more than 3 floors below ground or 4 floors above ground, on all floors.

Sprinkler Systems: Automatic Fire Suppression

Sprinkler systems, often... Continue reading "Fire Protection Systems: Dry Columns and Sprinklers Explained" »

Laying Ground Facilities Project

The process involves several key steps:

• Research
• Determination
• Design
• Calculation of resistance
• Computation step of crack on the outside of the installation
• Calculation of contact and step voltages inside the installation
• Checking
• Research
• Correction

Wenner Method

The Wenner method is the most used and recommended technique to measure the resistivity of the ground.

High Voltage Open Circuit Procedure

1. Open the switch.
2. Open the disconnectors.

High Voltage Circuit Closing Procedure

1. Close the disconnectors.
2. Close the switch.

Lockout or Interlock Device

A lockout or interlock device is the set of operations aimed at preventing the operation of a device and maintaining it in a given position.

Verification of Absence of Tension

It is necessary... Continue reading "Grounding Systems & Electrical Safety Procedures" »

Education and Describing People

Education Vocabulary

• Behave: Behavior
• Cheat: Copying
• Fail: Suspend
• Learn: Learn
• Leave: Leave
• Pass: Approve
• Review: Review
• Start: Go
• Study: Study
• Take: Take
• Boarding School: Internal
• Graduate: Graduate
• Head Teacher: Head
• Nursery School: Nursery
• Primary School: Primary School
• Private School: Private School
• Pupil: Student
• Professor: Professor
• Religious School: Religious School
• Secondary School: Secondary School
• Student: Student
• Uniform: Uniform

Describing People Vocabulary

• Tall: High
• Slim: Delgado
• Short: Low
• Overweight: Gordo
• Height: Height
• Well Built: Good Body
• Blonde: Blonde
• Pony Tail: Coleta
• Long Wavy Hair: Long Wavy Hair
• Gray Hair: Gray Hair
• Beard: Beard
• Curly: Curly
• Shoulder Length: Shoulder Height
• Bald: Calvo
• Mustache: Bigote
• Straight Dark Hair:

Phases of a File Report

Depending on the activity or inactivity of files, a file in healthcare (HC) can be categorized into three stages:

• Active Archive
• Passive File
• Historical Archive

• Active file: This is one that meets the active healthcare compliance (HHCC), i.e., records subject to continued use and consultation.
• Archive candidate: This is one that meets the inactive HHCC, i.e., one that you have to transfer from active files when a query in a time interval of 3 to 5 years is nil. These documents remain here until disposal or transfer to the historical archive.
• Historical Archive: This is where documentation is transferred from the passive file after 10 years without being consulted. These documents are kept permanently because they were not

Spain's Political Transition: Reform and Elections

Political Reform (1976)

Some heirs of Franco's regime resisted political reform, clinging to the old ways. Despite police brutality and paramilitary actions, reformers pushed the government towards change. Their project involved amending existing laws. On June 30, 1976, Arias Navarro resigned, and Adolfo Suarez, aligned with the crown's vision, took over. Suarez initiated a new style of politics, engaging with the opposition and proposing a bold political reform law.

This reform law aimed to democratize politics by establishing the state as a political organization. It proposed converting the existing courts into a Congress of Deputies and a Senate elected by universal suffrage. Future democratic... Continue reading "Spain's Transition to Democracy: Political Reform & Elections" »

Franco's Spain: Economic Phases (1940-1975)

a) Autarky (1940s)

Francoist authorities implemented a policy favoring limited industrial production.

1941: INI (Instituto Nacional de Industria)

The INI was the Franco regime's instrument responsible for reviving industry during the post-war years. The 1940s were known as the "Years of Famine." The public estate was bankrupt with no financial reserves, leading to economic stagnation. Recovery began around 1950. The 1947 Marshall Plan did not benefit the dictatorial regime.

b) Stabilization Plan (1959) and Development

Rationing was abolished, and free pricing, trade, and movement of foodstuffs were established.

Since 1951: Negotiations with the U.S.

Negotiations began with the U.S., resulting in a Mutual... Continue reading "Franco's Spain: Economic Phases and Development (1940-1975)" »

Theories About the Origin of the State

The origin of the state is a controversial issue that sparks two main responses:

1. The State Is Not Required (Anarchism)

This political movement argues that the state is not only unnecessary but also undesirable. Historically, the state has been seen as an instrument of oppression, favoring the powerful and generating ambition, hatred, and abuse. While life is inherently social, anarchists believe this doesn't necessitate a central, oppressive power. They posit that natural human goodness ensures solidarity without imposed control.

2. The State Is Necessary

This perspective is supported by two main arguments:

• Monopoly of Force: The state, by holding a monopoly on force, limits and controls potential outbreaks

Workplace Risk Prevention Fundamentals

Prevention: A set of activities or measures designed to eliminate or minimize risk.

Preventive Techniques

Methods used to eliminate or minimize workplace risks, including:

• Job Security Analysis
• Occupational or Industrial Hygiene
• Psychosociology and Ergonomics
• Occupational Medicine

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Equipment worn by workers to minimize exposure to hazards.

Safety Signal Types

• Yellow: Warning
• Round Red: Prohibition
• Round Blue: Obligation
• Red (Specific Shape): Fire Equipment
• Green: Rescue or Emergency Escape/First-Aid

Industrial Hygiene Focus Areas

• Chemical Agents
• Physical Agents (e.g., noise, radiation)
• Biological Agents

Prevention must be implemented collaboratively and promoted at all organizational levels.... Continue reading "Workplace Safety and Risk Prevention Essentials" »

The Enlightenment in 18th Century Spain

The Illustration, also known as the Enlightenment, was a philosophical and political movement characteristic of the 18th century. The enlightened thinkers believed that knowledge should be based on reason and that progress should challenge European traditions, customs, etc. Rationalism promoted scientific development, and numerous discoveries were made, such as the steam engine, electricity, lightning rods, and vaccines. Progress and reforms were aimed at utility for all. Religion was sidelined, and there was a belief that progress would improve living conditions. The principles of the Enlightenment were reflected in social life through the elimination of slavery and the extension of education.

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism... Continue reading "18th Century Spain: Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, and Literary Reform" »

Communication Modes

Operability:

• Simplex Communication: Clearly defined transmitter and receiver functions. Transmission occurs in one direction only. Example: a TV broadcast using a single physical channel and a single unidirectional logical channel.
• Half-Duplex Communication: Two-way communication where sender and receiver roles are interchangeable, but transmission is not simultaneous. When one device sends, the other must receive. It uses one physical channel and a bidirectional logical channel.
• Full-Duplex Communication: Bidirectional and simultaneous communication. Sender and receiver roles are not strictly defined.

Data Circuit Components

Circuit Data:

• Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): The source or destination of information.
• Data Circuit-Terminating