Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Passive Voice

PASSIVE: Subject + BE + Past Participle + (BY + Complement Agent)

• Present Simple: Susan writes books (Books are written by her)
• Present Continuous: Susan is writing books (Books are being written by her)
• Present Perfect: Susan has written books (Books have been written by her)
• Past Simple: Susan ate sweets (Sweets were eaten by her)
• Past Continuous: Susan was writing books (Books were being written by her)
• Past Perfect: Susan had written books (Books had been written by her)
• Future Simple: Susan will write books (Books will be written by her)
• Future Perfect: Susan will have written books (Books will have been written by her)

Object Pronouns:

I (ME) YOU (YOU) HE (HIM) SHE (HER) IT (IT) WE (US) THEY (THEM)

Impersonal and Personal Passive Structures

Impersonal

Management Control Instruments

Planning

Establishes lines of action and responsibility within a company's organization to achieve goals. This is executed through programs and embodied in the budget applicable to each program.

Budget

Determines objectives more precisely, specifying amounts and responsible parties. The budget, when applied to the immediate future, is known as operational planning. It is typically performed for a period of days or weeks, using fully quantitative variables and involving the direct participation of each department.

Causes of Deviations

Deviation Definition

A deviation is the difference that arises when comparing expected (planned or budgeted) data with actual results.

Sources of Deviations

• Errors in environmental estimates:

Party Roles

A role is defined as an individual's function within a group. Individuals can fulfill multiple roles across different groups.

Status refers to an individual's position within a hierarchical structure.

The role involves practicing behaviors aligned with the status held. While a person may play different roles, certain behaviors define each role. Studying the "Johari Window" helps understand how individuals present themselves in relation to others.

Johari Window: Four Key Areas

• Open Area: What I know about myself and what others know about me.
• Blind Spot: What others know about me, but I don't know about myself.
• Hidden Area: What I know about myself, but others don't know.
• Unknown Area: What neither I nor others know about me.

Within groups,... Continue reading "Understanding Group Dynamics: Roles, Conflicts, and Teamwork" »

Promissory Notes

Functions similarly to a postdated check regarding the current account. It serves as a payment document delivered to a holder, who cannot make it effective until the date shown on it. Promissory notes are standardized and are issued by banks or companies with a format similar to a check.

A promissory note should contain:

• Title of note
• Pure and simple promise to pay an amount
• An indication of maturity
• Place of payment
• The name of the person to whom payment is to be made

Checks

A very useful method of payment, as its mere delivery transfers the amount of money it represents to another person. The recipient can cash it at the issuing bank or deposit it in another bank for collection.

From a legal point of view, a check is a valuable instrument... Continue reading "Understanding Promissory Notes and Checks" »

Many individuals face challenges meeting basic needs in their lives. Social integration work aims to help individuals improve their quality of life, fostering autonomy and independence.

Developing Essential Life Skills

We must help them acquire social skills such as:

• Working effectively in groups
• Making and maintaining friendships
• Accepting rules, and more.

Also, it is crucial to help them develop strong communication skills. This includes expressing desires, understanding instructions from someone explaining something, and using gestures consistently to indicate agreement or disagreement.

Another important task is to assist in developing work-related skills. This involves areas like managing money, following simple instructions (e.g., operating equipment)... Continue reading "Social Integration Work: Fostering Autonomy and Independence" »

Understanding Electric Current and Circuits

Electric current is the passage of electrical charge through a conductor. This occurs when there is an imbalance of charge between two points of the conductor.

An electric circuit is a set of elements connected together through which electric current flows. For current to flow, the circuit must be closed.

Components of an Electric Circuit

• Generator: Builds and maintains the voltage needed to produce the current.
• Conductors: Pathways through which the electric current flows, usually made of copper or aluminum.
• Receivers: Elements that transform electrical energy into other forms of energy.
• Switching and Control Elements: Direct the flow of electrical current.
• Protection Elements: Protect individuals and the

Level Instruments Based on Electrical Characteristics

Conductive or Resistive Meter

This instrument consists of a probe with two electrodes. When the tip of the electrodes contacts a conductive liquid, it closes an electrical circuit. An amplifier unit then switches a meter contact.

Applications: These serve as level switches for conductive liquids in containers, provided the liquids are not excessively viscous or corrosive.

Ultrasonic Level Meter

This meter uses tunable, high-frequency sound waves that propagate through the gas phase until they collide with the liquid or solid surface.

Usage:

• As an alarm level indicator: The frequency is damped when the liquid wets the sensors.
• As a continuous level indicator: The emitted signal reflects off the liquid/

Types of Bone Fractures

According to Their Pattern of Interruption

Incomplete Fracture: The fracture line does not cover the entire thickness of the bone.

• Fissures: Affects part of the thickness of the bone.
• Greenstick Fractures: Bending fractures in flexible bones (children).
• Bamboo Fractures: Children's fractures generated by compression, produced by a wrinkling of the bone cortex.

Complete Fracture: Affecting the entire thickness of the bone. It can be divided into:

• Simple Fractures: They have a single line and there is no displacement.
• Complete Fractures with Displacement: One fragment deflects relative to the other. If the normal alignment of the longitudinal axis of the bone is lost, it is said to be angled (may be in varus or valgus).

Depending

St. Thomas Aquinas' Anthropological Theory of the Middle Ages

**Life and Works of St. Thomas Aquinas**

St. Thomas Aquinas was a Christian theologian, the main representative of the scholastic tradition, and founder of the Thomist school of theology and philosophy. He wrote numerous works, among which are his commentary on Aristotle's thought and theological works such as Summa Theologica, Summa Contra Gentiles, and De Ente et Essentia.

**The Conception of Man in St. Thomas Aquinas**

The conception of man in St. Thomas is based on Aristotle's conception. But, as with the other aspects of his thought, it must be reconciled with the basic beliefs of Christianity: the immortality of the soul and creation. The human being is a substance composed of... Continue reading "St. Thomas Aquinas' Anthropological Theory: Soul and Body" »

Preliminary Title of the Spanish Constitution

Spain is a social and democratic state of law. Sovereignty resides in the Spanish people. The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation. The political form is the parliamentary monarchy.

Castilian is the official language of the State. Other languages are also official in their respective regions.

The state capital is the city of Madrid.

Citizens and public authorities are subject to the Constitution and other legislation.

Title II: The Crown

The person of the King is inviolable and not subject to liability. This means their acts must be countersigned by the Prime Minister, ministers, or the President of the Congress.

Title III: The General Courts

The General Courts (Cortes Generales)... Continue reading "Key Aspects of the Spanish Constitution" »