Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

References Own Building

• Plan of facade: Vertical planes above the ground separating the built-up area inside the edifice. It does not contain all the elements of the elevation of the building constructed, with the exception of authorized outgoing elements that are considered (balconies, terraces, eaves, cornices, etc.).
• Semi-detached or party wall facade: A common parameter of a building with an adjoining construction or building in contact with it, or detached buildings that separate a parcel of adjoining buildings. When facades could not fully assemble, so that fragments of this stand out, treaties should pay attention to their aesthetic.
• Building Line: Intersection of the planes of the ground floor facade of a building site.
• A fence located

Understanding the Business Environment

Key variables influencing a company's operations and strategy.

Macroenvironment

External variables that influence the company, which it cannot control.

Key Macroenvironmental Factors:

• Economic Factors: Determined by the overall economic situation and structure.
• Sociocultural Factors: Characteristics of the society in which the company operates.
• Legal and Political Factors: Regulations and political climate affecting all business aspects.
• Technological Factors: Impact of technological advancements.
• Environmental Factors: Ecological and environmental considerations.
• International Factors: Globalization and new technologies affecting businesses worldwide.

Microenvironment

Variables closer to the company that can directly... Continue reading "Business Environment, Competition & SWOT Factors" »

The Graphics Card

1. What are Graphics Cards?

A graphics card is the hardware component of a computer that generates the image displayed on the monitor. The graphics card has evolved from a mere interface between the microprocessor and the display, which simply translated information consisting of an 80x24 character screen into an analog signal compatible with the monitor, to managing images with resolutions of 1024x768 pixels or more, with millions of possible colors and refresh rates over 70 Hz.

Current graphics cards have their own dedicated CPU for graphics operations and their own RAM, whose capacity is approaching and may even exceed that of the system.

2. Components of a Graphics Card

A graphics card has three main components:

• The graphics

Classification of Hairstyles

• Curling: Gives hair a ring-shaped design, loops, or corkscrews, adding volume.
• Waving (Inverter): Creates S-shaped waves in the hair, an intermediate effect between straightening and curling.
• Straightening (Smooth): Gives hair a smooth appearance by eliminating waves or curls.
• Updo (Collect): Involves arranging the hair in a specific way. Updos can be total or partial.

Hairstyle Change Duration

• Temporary: A change of form that produces a modification of the hair structure that lasts for a limited time (days, weeks).
• Permanent: A change in form that produces a structural modification that persists despite washing, brushing, coloring, shampooing, etc.

Temporary Changes

Temporary changes in hair shape primarily occur due to... Continue reading "Hairstyle Types: Curling, Waving, Straightening & More" »

Economic Aspects of Franco's Victory

The victory of Franco in the Civil War had very negative economic repercussions. The three years of military clashes broke up the economy. Agricultural and industrial production declined. Many ways and means of communication were destroyed. Gold reserves and foreign exchange were sapped, and buildings and manufacturing facilities were utilized.

The Axes of Autarky

One of Franco's objectives was to achieve economic self-sufficiency (autarky). The result was blocking economic growth and competitiveness and reducing the waste of the economic upturn that met in Europe after World War II. The incorporation of Spain into the rapid growth phase was substantially delayed. Autarky had two major areas of activity:

1. Regulation

Classification of Consumption Sites

Consumption sites are primarily classified as:

• Residential or Commercial: Buildings intended for living or business purposes.
• Office: Buildings specifically designed for office use.
• Industry-Specific: Facilities tailored to the needs of a particular industry.
• Industrial Concentration: Areas designated for a cluster of industries.

Load Forecasting

Load forecasting considerations for different building types:

• Housing: Residential buildings.
• General Services: Common areas and shared facilities.
• Shops and Offices: Commercial spaces and office buildings.
• Garages: Parking facilities.

Degree of Electrification

• Basic Electrification: Designed to meet primary usage needs, allowing for common household equipment (5750 W).
• High Electrification:

1. Computer System

The set of physical elements (Hardware) and software (Software) that allow information processing.

2. Physical Subsystem

Commonly known as hardware.

3. Logical Subsystem

Referred to as software.

4. Computer

An electronic device capable of processing data, performing load, arithmetic, and logic operations without human intervention.

5. Informatics

The science that studies the automatic and rational treatment of information.

6. Automatic and Rational

• Automatic: Tasks are performed by machines.
• Rational: Processes follow human reasoning.

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Responsible for implementing programs and comprises the main memory, control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit.

8. Supercomputer

A specialized machine designed for tasks requiring... Continue reading "Understanding Computer Systems: Hardware, Software, and Key Concepts" »

Volleyball Regulations

Player Placement Rules

• Rotation: Teams rotate positions clockwise after winning the serve following a point scored by the opponent.
• Positions: Front-row players (attackers) occupy zones 2, 3, and 4. Back-row players (defenders) occupy zones 5, 6, and 1.

Ball Handling Rules

Players can hit the ball with any part of their body.

Common Ball Handling Fouls

1. The ball touches the ground within the court boundaries.
2. A player illegally holds, catches, or throws the ball (carrying).
3. A player touches the ball twice consecutively (double hit), except during blocking or potentially on the first team contact depending on the specific rule set.
4. A team contacts the ball more than three times consecutively (excluding a block contact).

Serving Rules

Common

Islamic Art: An Overview

ISLAM: Islamic art flourished within diverse contexts, from settled communities to nomadic cultures. Islam originated in Arabia in 622 AD when Muhammad fled to Medina from Mecca. The religion's central text is the Koran.

Within a century, Islam and its culture spread through military conquests, reaching from India to Spain, establishing a relatively homogeneous culture. Key contributions include advancements in business, science, philosophy, agriculture, and urban development.

Urban Planning and Architecture

Urban life, characterized by narrow streets, centered around key areas: corners (groupings of buildings, shops, workshops, and markets), bathhouses, residences, palaces, madrassas (Koranic schools), and mosques (prayer... Continue reading "Islamic and Roman Art: History, Characteristics, and Influence" »

Globalizing Cities and Population Shifts

The Transformation of Urban Economies

The late twentieth century witnessed a significant transformation in the urban economy, leading to the emergence of global cities. These cities, such as New York and Tokyo, are privileged sites due to their focus on international exchanges and production centers.

Urban Transformations

Global cities adapt to new global functions through the construction of new infrastructures, including transport and telecommunications networks. This often leads to strong price rises. Megacities are simple territorial agglomerations of human beings, characterized by social and regional differences.

• Privileged Areas: Inhabited by people with higher incomes.
• Marginalized Areas: Often found