Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Historical Operating Systems: A Timeline

This document provides a brief history of operating systems, covering their evolution across different generations.

1st Generation (1945-1955)

Characterized by vacuum valves and machine language. These systems were large, consumed high energy, were very slow, and performed simple mathematical calculations.

2nd Generation (1955-1965)

Transitioned to transistors and batch processing. Systems became smaller and consumed less power.

3rd Generation (1965-1980)

Integrated circuits were introduced, making systems cheaper and enabling multiple processors to run concurrently.

4th Generation (1980-Present)

Marked by the advent of personal computers.

Memory Management

The memory manager is a crucial part of the OS. It is... Continue reading "Evolution of Operating Systems: Generations & Concepts" »

Occupational Health and Safety in the European Union

The Single European Act and Worker Protection

A fundamental objective of the Single European Act is protecting the safety and health of workers, carrying out an improved working environment. The Pocuro member states provide the best working environment, avoiding distractions caused by directives relating to administrative, financial, and legal constraints that hinder the development of small and medium-sized enterprises compared to larger companies.

Functions of the Advisory Committee for Safety

The Advisory Committee for Safety has four key functions:

• Assisting the committee in the preparation and implementation of activities in the field of health, safety, and protection at work.
• Exchanging views

Electrical Encoding Schemes

There are two main types of encoding schemes: single-core and multi-threaded functional circuit diagrams.

Electrical Magnitudes and Measurement

Here's a table summarizing common electrical magnitudes, their units, and the instruments used for their measurement:

Multimeter

A multimeter is a versatile instrument used to measure various electrical quantities.

Absolute Error

Absolute error refers to the difference between the value read on an instrument and the actual value.

Common Electrical Issues

Surge

A surge is an excess of voltage affecting the electrical grid. Surges... Continue reading "Electrical Circuits: Understanding Key Concepts and Safety Devices" »

Peace Treaties After World War I

The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to take responsibility for the war. Germany returned Alsace and Lorraine to France and consented to the occupation of the Saarland. East Prussia was cut off by the Danzig corridor. Germany delivered its colonies, accepted the demilitarization of the Rhineland, and reduced its army and arsenals.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, and Czechoslovakia was formed. Italy made only small territorial gains. Romania grew with territories from Hungary and Russia. Hungary and Austria were reduced to small, landlocked states. Bulgaria had to surrender its Aegean coast to Greece. The Ottoman Empire disappeared and was replaced by a republic. Its Arab territories were given as mandates.... Continue reading "Aftermath of World War I: Treaties, Economic Shifts & Social Change" »

Understanding Business Structures in Spain

Sole Proprietorship (Autónomo)

• Single Member: Operated by one individual.
• No Minimum Capital: Does not require a specific initial capital contribution.
• Income Tax: Subject to personal income tax.
• Liability: Unlimited personal liability.
• Social Security: Generally registered under the self-employed (Autónomo) social security scheme.

Community of Goods (Comunidad de Bienes - CB)

• Minimum 2 Partners: Formed by at least two individuals.
• No Minimum Capital: Does not require a specific initial capital contribution.
• Income Tax: Partners are subject to personal income tax, proportional to their share.
• Liability: Partners have unlimited personal liability.

Civil Society (Sociedad Civil - SC)

• Minimum 2 Members: Requires

Value of Interest and Amount

The security interest is a quantitative assessment. In damage insurance, the value of interest is determined by objective criteria that take into account the value of the thing at the time of the accident. In personal insurance, by contrast, the value of the interest is usually set by fixed amounts agreed upon beforehand.

Insured Amount, Full Insurance, Overinsurance, and Underinsurance

The insured amount represents the maximum compensation payable by the insurer for each incident. The sum insured is also known as the capital insured. The ratio of the value of interest and the insurance amount results in situations of full insurance, underinsurance, and overinsurance. Overinsurance and underinsurance can be caused... Continue reading "Understanding Insurance: Coverage, Premiums, and Claims" »

In more rigorous terms, it is called the Coriolis force. The force must be exerted on a body not to change its angular velocity when its distance varies with the axis, i.e., the force must be exercised so that the Coriolis effect is not manifested. This is analogous to the case of force necessary to maintain a body with a fixed distance from the axis; that force is called centripetal force, and whose absence causes the appearance of strength (or fictitious force), called centrifugal force.

Tide is the periodic change in sea level, caused mainly by gravitational forces exercising the Moon and the Sun.

Ocean waves are mechanical waves (i.e., material disruptions to half) of calls surface, which are those that propagate through the interface (the... Continue reading "Understanding Coriolis Force, Tides, and Nautical Charts" »

Hinduism

In Hinduism, the concept of God is very important, not as dogma. It has no specific founder and sees no compulsory religious practices. Hindus consider that one should just live in harmony with the dharma of all things. Its origin goes back over 3,000 years. Hindus are not made, but born. Key characteristics include freedom and tolerance. A teacher, or guru, is needed. Hindus believe in reincarnation for release. There are three paths to release:

• Acts: Perfectly fulfilling the duties associated with one's caste.
• Knowledge: Discovering knowledge to achieve the absolute.
• Devotion: The path of goodness and kindness towards a personal God, one of the yogas, which stops all mental activity to calm the spirit itself.

Hindus are organized into... Continue reading "Major World Religions: Beliefs and Practices" »

The Evolution of Work

• Ancient Era: Slaves (until the 5th Century AD)
• Medieval Age: Servants
• Late Middle Ages: Guilds
  • Master
  • Journeyman (unofficial)
  • Apprentice (learner)

The Industrial Revolution: From Exploitation to Rights

The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes, eventually leading to modern labor protections:

• Child Labor

  Early Era: Children as young as 5 years old, often beaten to stay awake.
  Modern Standard: Prohibited under 18 (or 16); under 16 requires labor inspector permission.

• Working Hours

  Early Era: 12 to 19 hours per day.
  Modern Standard: Typically 8 hours per day.

• Compensation

  Early Era: Poor salary, barely enough for subsistence.
  Modern Standard: Minimum wage established (e.g., 700 €).

• Time Off

  Holidays: None vs. 30 days a year.

  Weekly

The Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who takes the initiative and assumes the risk in a company. This individual may be referred to as an autonomous social agent and is a leader in a cooperative or commercial enterprise.

Concept of Business

A business is an economic production unit whose purpose is to create or increase the utility of goods and meet human needs. The end goal of the company is to achieve the objectives it has set, seeking to maximize its benefits.

Company Features

• Common: Accounting, financial, administrative, and HR.
• Specific: Commercial, production, research.
• Other: Technical, security, R&D.

Elements of a Company

• Internal:
  • Materials: Land, buildings and installations, machinery and transport elements, stocks, money, clients,