Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Shut down: Cerrar. - It stops operating (business or large piece of equipment).

Get away with: Zafarse de la cárcel, librarse.- Succeed in avoiding punishment for something.

Show up: Aparecer.- Arrive somewhere in order to join a group of people, especially late or unexpectedly.

Turn out:- Be known or discovered finally and surprisingly.

Hold onto: Conservar.- Keep smth you have.

Turn up: Aparecer.- Find unexpectedly smth you have been looking for.

Arrest: Arrestar.- When the police take someone away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed.

Kidnap: Secuestrar.- To take a person away illegally by force usually in order to demand money in exchange for realizing them.

Witness: Testigo.- To see something happen, especially a crime.

Hijack:... Continue reading "Common English Phrases and Vocabulary" »

Historical facts in the 16^th and 17^th centuries are linked to long-term processes:

The fight for European hegemony: Habsburgs (Spanish) fought other kingdoms (France, England, and the Netherlands) to defend their position as the leading power. Charles V inherited a huge territory, and his son, Phillip II, was able to expand. They were defeated, and in 1648, France became the new leading power.

The Ottoman expansion: Spanish Habsburgs and the Republic of Venice tried to stop the expansion of the Ottomans all over the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, Austrian Habsburgs tried to do the same in Eastern Europe. Christians battled Muslims in a crusade.

The Reformation and Wars of Religion: In 1517, Martin Luther initiated the Reformation, which... Continue reading "Historical Facts in the 16th and 17th Centuries" »

Linguistic Exercise: Defining Corners

3.4.3. Match the definitions to the words.

Definitions:

• 1) Convex area where two edges, sides, or surfaces of something join.
• 2) Concave area where two edges, sides, or surfaces of something join.
• 3) Area where two edges, sides, or surfaces of something join.

Words:

• a) Corner (English)
• b) Esquina (Spanish)
• c) Rincón (Spanish)

Exercise Solutions:

1. Convex area: Esquina
2. Concave area: Rincón
3. General area: Corner

Figure Matching:

• Fig A: Corner / Esquina
• Fig B: Corner / Rincón

Semantic Analysis: Distinctive Features

Discuss the following issue: Is "concave" a distinctive semantic feature (seme) in English? And in Spanish?

According to structuralism, distinctive features are those which help us differentiate the units within the... Continue reading "Semantic Analysis of Corner in English and Spanish" »

*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

• Legal part
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Education
• Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
• Environmental adaptation
• Culture, sports, recreation, religion

^^ Stages of Rehab:

• I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
• II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
• III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member

^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

• Treatment of Pathology
• Decrease Impairment
• Prevent and Treat Complications
• Increase Activity
• Physiological

Review

Writing Plan:

1) Introduction: (Paragraph 1)

Write an introductory paragraph that introduces the book and catches the readers’ interest.

2) Main body: (Paragraphs 2 & 3):

a) A brief summary of the book’s contents (e.g. the main characters, the setting and book genre – romance, thriller). Be careful not to reveal too much of the story, or you’ll ruin it for new readers.

b)  Analyze or critique the book. You can write about your own opinions; just be sure that you explain and support them with examples. Some questions you might want to consider:

• Did the author achieve his or her purpose?
• What did you like/dislike about the book?
• Did you have a favourite character?
• Is the writing effective, powerful, difficult, beautiful?
• What are the

Section 3: Multiple Choice Answers

• 2) a
• 3) b
• 4) b
• 5) c
• 6) a
• 7) a
• 8) b
• 9) c
• 10) b
• 11) c
• 12) b
• 13) c
• 14) a
• 15) c
• 16) b
• 17) c
• 18) a
• 19) a
• 20) b
• 21) c
• 22) a
• 23) d
• 24) c
• 25) a

Section 4: Modal Verbs

• 1) Can’t
• 2) Shouldn’t
• 3) Must
• 4) Can’t
• 5) Don’t need
• 6) Must be
• 7) Don’t need
• 8) Mustn’t
• 9) Mustn’t
• 10) Should

Section 5: Perfect Modals and Past Ability

• 1) Should have studied
• 2) Must have finished
• 3) Didn’t need to have reserved
• 4) Shouldn’t have directed
• 5) Should write
• 6) Shouldn’t have gone
• 7) Could run
• 8) Must have been
• 9) Shouldn’t have applied
• 10) Shouldn’t have started
• 11) Could go
• 12) Can’t be
• 13) Don’t need to
• 14) Could have paid
• 15) Mary mustn’t have told
• 16) Couldn’t get
• 17) Can’t have seen
• 18) Shouldn’t have asked
• 17) Must turn off
• 18) Can’t be easy
• 19) Could

Statesmanship and Warcraft

Machiavelli believes that good laws follow naturally from a good military. Machiavelli reverses the conventional understanding of war as a necessary, but not definitive, element of the development of states. Instead, he asserts that successful war is the very foundation upon which all states are built. Much of The Prince is devoted to describing exactly what it means to conduct a good war. But Machiavelli's description of war encompasses more than just the direct use of military force when cities were constantly threatened by neighboring principalities, and the area had suffered through power struggles for many years.

Goodwill and Hatred

To remain in power, a prince must avoid the hatred of his people. It is not necessary... Continue reading "Machiavelli and Mill: Power, Liberty, and Human Nature" »

Participants in the Tourism Industry

• Visitors: Individuals with motivations for travel.
• The Destination: The host community.
• Government: Plays a crucial role in tourism development and promotion.
• Local People: View tourism as a factor for cultural exchange and employment.
• Travel Trade Intermediaries and Suppliers: Businesses providing tourist goods and services.
  • Travel Agents: Organize personal travel and accommodation for travelers. They offer services like hotels, cruise lines, railways, and package tour operators.
  • Wholesale Tour Operators: Develop and market package tours, often through travel agencies.
  • Tour Guides and Couriers: Travel with tourists and work to ensure travelers' needs are met.
  • Hotel Booking Agencies.
  • Destination Management Company

Idioms

Get away from it all

somewhere peaceful

Off the beaten track

go where other tourists don't

Up close and personal

experiencing something from very near

In the blink of an eye

very quickly

A drop in the ocean

a small amount compared to what is needed

Goes through the roof

rises to a very high level

Go up in smoke

spoiled or wasted (destroyed by fire)

The tide is turning

reversing events

As right as rain

fresco como una rosa

Feeling under the weather

no sentirse bien físicamente

Sleep like a log

dormir como un tronco

Feeling down in the dumps

estar de bajón

As fit as a fiddle

estar como un roble

Out of the blue

suddenly, unexpected

Have blood on their hands

responsible for someone's death

Bitter pill to swallow

an unpleasant fact that has to be accepted

Handed to me

The Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace Settlement

The Paris Peace Conference (January 1919)

The victorious countries of World War I met at the Paris Peace Conference to decide on the peace conditions that would be imposed on the defeated nations.

• Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace agreement, known as the Fourteen Points, which included the creation of a League of Nations.
• Allied countries initially rejected Wilson's proposal, insisting that Germany must pay for the damages caused by the war.
• After negotiations, the Allies agreed upon the Paris Peace Settlement (comprising five treaties).

Terms Imposed on Germany

The Treaty of Versailles established particularly severe terms for Germany, including:

• Military Restrictions: Prohibition of heavy artillery,