Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

Introduction

The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, following the Uruguay Round of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), represents a pivotal moment in the history of international trade. GATT, the precursor to the WTO, was founded in 1948 by 23 countries. It liberalized trade and fostered an environment that paved the way for the WTO's evolution. The WTO's scope is significantly broader than that of GATT, encompassing areas such as textiles, agriculture, services, and intellectual property, which were previously excluded under GATT.

Guiding Principles of the WTO

The core guiding principles of the WTO are:

• Non-discrimination among members in granting favors

Science and Technology Vocabulary

Astronomy and Space Exploration

Words

• Alien (adj/n): Extraterrestrial
• Antidepressant (n)
• Astronomer (n)
• Black Hole (n)
• Galaxy (n)
• Geologist (n)
• Gravity (n)
• Parallel Universe (n)
• Physicist (n)
• Telescope (n)

Phrases

• Remote: Lejano
• Set of Scales

Medicine and Health

Words

• Antibiotic (n)
• Cure (v)
• Disease (n): Enfermedad
• Doomed (a): Condenado
• Heal (v): Sanar
• Immune (adj)
• Implant (n/v)
• Organ Transplant (n)
• Painkiller (n): Analgesico
• Technician (n)
• Transplant (n/v)

Science Lab

Words

• Beaker (n): Vaso
• Calculator (n)
• Chemist (n)
• Experiment (n/v)
• Invent (v)
• Laboratory (n)
• Mathematician (n)
• Stuff (n): Cosa
• Test Tube (n)
• Thermometer (n)

Phrasal Verbs

• Carry out: Llevar a cabo
• Come up with: Presentar
• End up: Terminar
• Shut down: Apagar
• Take over: Tomar el control
• Turn out:

Impact of Entrepreneurial Firms in Today's Economy

4.1 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) by Babson College

Provides an annual assessment of the entrepreneurial environment of 42 countries.

Entrepreneurs lead to growth by:

• Entering and expanding existing markets
• Creating entirely new markets by offering innovative products
• Increasing diversity and fostering minority participation in the economy

4.2 The Most Impacting: The Gazelles (High Tech Growth Firm)

A “Gazelle” (high growth companies) is a business establishment with at least 20% sales growth in each year for five years, starting with a base of at least $100,000 in annual sales.

• Gazelles as leaders in innovation
• Produce twice as many product innovations per employee as do larger firms
• Have

Foreign Exchange Market

The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized market for trading currencies. Like any other market, it operates on the principles of demand, supply, and price.

Nominal Exchange Rate

The exchange rate represents the price of one currency in terms of another. There are two types:

• Direct exchange rate: The cost of one unit of foreign currency is given in units of local currency (e.g., 1 USD = 0.94 EUR).
• Indirect exchange rate: The cost of one unit of local currency is given in units of foreign currency (e.g., 1 EUR = 1.06 USD).

Changes in exchange rates influence relative prices. Currency appreciation occurs when the local currency strengthens, allowing you to buy more foreign currency. This increases the relative price... Continue reading "Understanding Foreign Exchange Markets and Exchange Rates" »

Newsgroups: Communication via NNTP

• Newsgroups are communication systems based on the **NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)**.
• Their function is to allow users of a newsgroup to receive text messages concerning a specific topic, downloaded from news servers, directly in their email program. These messages can be answered by users to enhance the content.

Real-Time Communication: Chats

• The term *chat* refers to the Internet service that allows users to maintain instant written conversations with others on the Net.
• Chat services encompass all tools enabling real-time communication between two or more users. This includes instant messaging, client chat programs (like ChatZilla), and Webchat services.

Instant Messaging (IM)

Instant Messaging works similarly... Continue reading "Digital Communication Methods and Collaboration Tools" »

Derivades

Limits

Introduction

First of all, in my opinion, (EL TEMA) is a (ADJECTIU PAC). I believe this because I think that it (CONSEQÜÈNCIA), as seen in statistics and media reports. This is my personal viewpoint, and I acknowledge that it may be subjective.

Further Arguments

Secondly, I also believe that (TEMA) is (ABJECTIU) because (subj.) (CONSEQÜÈNCIA). From my perspective, it is (ADJECTIU: good/bad), and I disagree with (EL CONTRARI DEL TEMA) because it has been demonstrated that (RAONS PER ESTAR EN DESACORD).

Agreement and Hope

Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, I think that (TEMA) is the most (ADJECTIU) because (MOTIU), and I completely agree with this. I wish that (TEMA) could (VERB INF.: give positive consequences, end, …).

Conclusion

Finally, it'... Continue reading "A Subjective Perspective on (EL TEMA)" »

Essential Business English Vocabulary

Enhance your understanding of key business terms with this comprehensive English-to-Spanish glossary.

• Stock exchange: La bolsa
• Shareholders: Accionistas
• Assets / shares: Acciones de bolsa. Can be bought on the stock exchange.
• Likely to: Tener la probabilidad de
• Sole trader / Sole proprietor: Autónomo
• Management: Gestión
• To manage (v): Gestionar
• Debts: Deudas
• To set up / to settle / to start a business (v): Empezar, establecer un negocio
• Profits / benefits: Beneficios
• Losses: Pérdidas
• To appoint (v): Nombrar a
• Headquarters (pl) / main office: Sede central
• Branches: Sucursales
• Subsidiary: Sucursal, filial
• To found a business (v): Fundar una empresa
• Dotcoms: Online companies, haven't got a physical company.
• Franchising /

TEMA 6

Here......There, This......That, these.....Those, now.......Then, next week......The following Week, today.......That day, tonight.......That night, tomorrow.......The Following day, yesterday......The day before, last week.......The week before.

Vocabulary: PR involves building good relationships with all the stakeholders in an Organisation. The best PR strategies are based on effective relationship Marketing. In Asia there is a long tradition of this kind of approach to business, but it is important to develop transparency and integrity. This means Not only openness, but also accountability, which means taking responsibility For decisions. A further dimension to effective PR is a commitment to ethical Standards, which includes a continual... Continue reading "Is there juristification for any business to be excused and ethical responsibility" »