Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The Rise of the English Novel

The English novel became a mature and predominant form in the mid-eighteenth century. Writers such as Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding wrote for the money they earned. The earlier prose fiction was Daniel Defoe’s Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, first published in 1719.

Realism and Veracity in Early Novels

The change in opinion has been attributed to the growing presence of realism in novels. It was also the last step in the novel’s rising acceptability. This realism became the novel’s defining formal characteristic (Ian Watt). Early eighteenth-century readers of travel narratives were apt to criticize authors for making up tales rather than recording actual experiences. Realism in the novel was synonymous... Continue reading "Rise of the English Novel: Realism, Individuality, and Locke" »

Hydropower

Hydropower utilizes the energy of water in rivers, which can be dammed to create reservoirs. These reservoirs have exit gates that lead to a turbine. The rotation of the turbine is converted into electricity. Reservoirs also serve to store water for irrigation and human consumption, and they help prevent dangerous floods.

However, hydropower has drawbacks. It can:

1. Inundate large areas of the banks.
2. Destabilize deltas (sediment that nourished these is now trapped at the bottom of the reservoir, and the sea erodes the delta).
3. Alter aquatic life.

Consequently, new hydropower plants are no longer built in many countries, and some older ones are being dismantled in more advanced nations.

Nuclear Energy

Globally, there are 442 nuclear power plants... Continue reading "Sustainable Energy Sources: Hydropower, Nuclear, Wind, and Solar" »

There are three types of reefs:

• Fringing Reef – Coral platforms grow out to sea attached to the mainland.
• Barrier

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

• Aims and Benefits: The primary goal is for students to learn techniques that will serve them for life. Benefits include expanded cultural awareness, improved language competence, and increased learner motivation.
• Drawbacks: Challenges include a scarcity of CLIL-specific materials, teachers who may feel unprepared to teach using this method, and the significant time required

Mastering Irregular Verbs in English

Understanding Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in English do not follow the standard pattern of adding -ed or -d to form the past simple and past participle. Instead, they have unique forms that must be memorized. This list provides a comprehensive overview of common irregular verbs, along with their base form, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation.

Common Irregular Verbs

• Be (Was / Were) Been Ser / Estar
• Become (Became) Become Llegar a Ser
• Begin (Began) Begun Empezar
• Bite (Bit) Bitten Morder
• Bleed (Bled) Bled Sangrar
• Blow (Blew) Blown Soplar
• Break (Broke) Broken Romper
• Bring (Brought) Brought Traer Llevar
• Build (Built) Built Edificar
• Buy (Bought) Bought Comprar
• Catch (Caught) Caught Coger
• Come (Came) Come

Essential Web and Software Terminology

Web Navigation and Structure

• External Hyperlink

  A hyperlink that opens a webpage located on a remote computer. External hyperlinks provide the links that tie the Web together and rely on HTML anchor tags.

• Back Button

  A basic control used across various technologies. In a web browser, a back button allows an end user to navigate to a previously viewed webpage. A back button is also a feature of smartphone software and other consumer-oriented technologies.

• Navigation Structure

  When using navigation requests, for each BSP application, determine the initial page, the navigation methods, and the target pages in a table with navigation paths.

• Refresh

  An act or function of updating the display on a screen.

Web Elements

1. Legal and Economic Definition of Enterprise

Economic definition of enterprise

• An enterprise may be defined as an organized assemblage of capital and work intended for manufacturing or distributing goods or services for meeting market demand.
• It designates activity and the instrumental organization.

Legal definition of enterprise

There is no single unitary concept of "enterprise" from the legal point of view. In legal terminology the concept of enterprise can embody different meanings. Thus it is clear that the concept of enterprise in laws against restraints on competition does not coincide with that of corporation law. In company law, an enterprise is identified with the single legal personality of each company or corporation; in restraints-... Continue reading "Enterprise and Entrepreneur: Legal & Economic Definitions" »

Essential Genetics Terminology

Conjugation: Genetic Material Transfer

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between unicellular individuals through direct cell-to-cell contact.

Bacterial Conjugation: Not Sexual Reproduction

Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating.

Spermatogenesis: Male Sperm Development

Spermatogenesis is the process by which male spermatogonia develop into sperm cells.

Oogenesis: Female Egg Development

Oogenesis is the process by which female oogonia develop into egg cells.

Monohybrid Cross: Single Trait Inheritance

A monohybrid cross is a method of tracking the inheritance of a single trait from a pair of homozygous grandparents through generation F₁... Continue reading "Essential Genetics Terminology & Concepts" »

Java Programming Fundamentals

This document provides a quick reference to fundamental Java programming concepts, including object-oriented programming basics, common data structures like ArrayLists, handling user input, string manipulation, type conversion, and file input/output operations.

Object-Oriented Programming: The Persona Class

Below is a basic definition of a Persona class, illustrating fields and a constructor. In a complete implementation, you would also include getter and setter methods for each field.

public class Persona {
    private String nombre;
    private int ojos;
    private int piernas; // Added for completeness based on constructor
    private int brazos; // Added for completeness based on constructor

    public Persona(

Types of Car – Tipos de Coche

• Cab / Taxi – taxi
• Convertible – descapotable
• Estate car – coche familiar
• Family car – coche familiar
• Four-wheel drive – todoterreno
• Hatchback – coche sin culo
• Limo / Limousine – limusina
• Minivan / MPV – monovolumen
• Saloon – sedán
• Sports car – coche deportivo
• SUV – todoterreno deportivo
• Van – furgoneta

Car Exterior – Exterior del Coche

• Aerial / Antenna – antena de radio
• Bonnet – capó
• Boot – maletero
• Bumper – paragolpes
• Door – puerta
• Door handle – tirador de puerta
• Exhaust pipe – tubo de escape
• Fog lamp – antiniebla
• Headlight – luces delanteras
• Hubcap – tapacubos
• Number / Licence plate – matrícula
• Rear light – luces traseras
• Roof – techo
• Roof rack – baca
• Sunroof – techo solar
• Tyre