Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

1. Complete the Sentences with the Right Option (1.5p)

Sporting Verbs and Actions

• Televise: televisar
• Score a goal: marcar un gol
• Hold (an event): celebrar
• Win: ganar
• Get a medal: conseguir una medalla
• Support a team: apoyar a un equipo
• Break a record: batir un récord
• Take up (a sport): empezar una afición
• Lose: perder
• Set a record: establecer un récord
• Draw: empatar
• Coach: entrenar / entrenador

Vocabulary for Developing Products

• Design a prototype: diseñar un prototipo
• Give a demonstration: hacer una demostración
• Improve the design: mejorar el diseño
• Research an idea: investigar una idea
• Solve any problems: resolver algunos problemas
• Do market research: hacer estudios de mercado
• Test out the product: probar el producto
• Develop the product: desarrollar el producto
• Develop a concept: desarrollar un concepto
• Manufacture

Units 1 & 2

Ejercicio 1: Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect

1. is studying computer.
2. Is she working at the moment?
3. walks.
4. Do they finish?
5. doesn't like.
6. hasn't found.
7. is waiting.
8. rises.
9. have had.
10. Have you bought...?

Ejercicio 2: Past Simple, Continuous, Perfect

1. began.
2. Were you doing...? saw.
3. got... left.
4. was fixing.
5. were playing... arrived.
6. waited... had broken.
7. fell down... was going.
8. had used... took.
9. were coming... had paid.
10. were surfing... phoned.

Ejercicio 3: Questions for the Text Above

(Assuming the answers below correspond to a text not fully provided, these are corrected questions based on the fragments.)

1. What does this company export to South America?
2. In 20 years, what will Sara be working on?
3. What did the guys break last night?
4. Where are they working for an

Adjective Antonyms

Word → Opposite

• Egocentric → Selfless
• Lazy → Hardworking
• Solitary → Sociable
• Flexible → Stubborn
• Rational → Emotional
• Reliable → Unreliable
• Shy → Extroverted
• Sensitive → Insensitive
• Ambitious → Generous (Note: This isn't a direct opposite, consider "Unambitious")
• Selfish → Selfless
• Solitary → Sociable
• Impatient → Patient
• Unambitious → Ambitious
• Disorganized → Organized
• Creative → Uncreative
• Persuasive → Unpersuasive
• Undecisive → Decisive

Translation Exercises

Exercise 1

Spanish: Estaría muy agradecido si me pudiera enviar su último catálogo y algunas muestras.

English: I would be very grateful if you could send me your latest catalog and some samples.

Spanish: Esperamos que le interesen nuestros productos,... Continue reading "English to Spanish Translation Exercises & Sample Cover Letter" »

Rephrasing Examples

• He's never driven a Porsche before.
  • It's the first time he's ever driven a Porsche.
  • This is the first time he's ever driven a Porsche.
• They have never heard such a funny joke.
  • It's the funniest joke they've ever heard.
• It's a week since she visited me.
  • She hasn't visited me for a week.
• I last called her two days ago.
  • The last time I called her was two days ago.
  • I haven't called her for two days.
• When did she buy the car?
  • How long ago did she buy the car?
  • How long is it since she bought the car?

Writing: Describing a Place

The best place that I have ever visited was (place). I was with my (my friends/family) when I was (number) years old. It was great because we had a good time then.

In (place) you can find several (mountains, rivers, beaches.... Continue reading "Mastering English: Rephrasing, Writing, and Grammar" »

This document details significant hominin fossil discoveries and the crucial milestones in human evolution, from early bipedalism to the development of complex thought and culture.

Notable Hominin Fossils and Their Characteristics

Strategic Business Meeting: Product Launch & Market Expansion

Meeting Transcript: New Product Line Discussion

Opening Remarks and Casual Conversation

Ms. Smith: Oh, sorry, I'm late.

Mr. Laurents: Don't worry, Ms. Kampala just arrived, and now we are chit-chatting about yesterday's scandal. Did you hear that Ana Rosa is pregnant?

Ms. Smith: Really? No, I didn't hear that. This morning I just watched the weather for today, and they were right: today is a beautiful day.

Ms. Kampala: Oh yes! Today I can wear my summer dress!

Product Proposal Acceptance

Ms. Smith: That's fine. Okay, guys, let's start. Do you accept the proposal?

Mr. Laurents: Yes, of course! It's a good idea that can make us earn a lot of money.

Ms. Kampala: But first, we will lose money.... Continue reading "Product Strategy & Global Market Entry" »

The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Cold War Nuclear Standoff

The Cuban Missile Crisis, a pivotal moment in the Cold War, unfolded in October 1962, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear conflict.

Origins of the Crisis

Prior to the crisis, tensions between the United States and Cuba were already high. In 1961, the U.S. had attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro's government with the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. This event served as a stark warning to Castro and solidified Cuba's alignment with the Soviet Union. Furthermore, Castro's government had nationalized U.S. companies, leading to severed diplomatic ties and economic sanctions from the United States.

The United States had also installed several intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Turkey and... Continue reading "Cuban Missile Crisis: Cold War Nuclear Standoff" »

English Irregular Verbs and Conjugation

• Beat-beat-beaten: Golpear.
• Become-became-become: Convertir.
• Begin-began-begun: Empezar.
• Bring-brought-brought: Llevar.
• Build-built-built: Construir.
• Buy-bought-bought: Comprar.
• Catch-caught-caught: Coger.
• Choose-chose-chosen: Elegir.
• Draw-drew-drawn: Dibujar.
• Dream-dreamed/dreamt: Soñar.
• Drive-drove-driven: Conducir.
• Fall-fell-fallen: Caer.
• Feed-fed-fed: Alimentar.
• Find-found-found: Encontrar.
• Fly-flew-flown: Volar.
• Forget-forgot-forgotten: Olvidar.
• Forgive-forgave-forgiven: Perdonar.
• Get-got-got: Conseguir.
• Grow-grew-grown: Crecer.
• Hear-heard-heard: Escuchar.
• Hit-hit-hit: Golpear.
• Keep-kept-kept: Seguir/Mantener.
• Know-knew-known: Saber.
• Learn-learned/learnt: Aprender.
• Leave-left-left: Marcharse.
• Lend-lent-lent: Prestar.
• Lose-

The Spiral of Silence

The phrase "spiral of silence" describes how people tend to remain silent when they believe their views are in the minority. This silence stems from a fear of social isolation. People understand which behaviors might lead to isolation and are hesitant to express minority opinions to avoid it. The closer a person perceives their opinion to be to the prevailing public opinion, the more willing they are to express it publicly. Conversely, if public sentiment shifts away from their view, they become less likely to voice it.

Polls vs. Surveys

While both gather information, polls and surveys differ in scope. A poll typically poses a single multiple-choice question, with predefined answers. Participants may select one or multiple... Continue reading "The Spiral of Silence and Public Opinion" »