Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Visual arts

Architectural Elements of the Dome

The exterior of the Florence Cathedral highlights its magnificent dome, which features a distinctive pointed ogival profile. The dome is composed of three primary parts:

• The Tambour (or Light Body): This octagonal section features eight panels, formed by slabs of green and white marble.
• The Oculus (or "Egg"): A circular window, serving as a classic architectural element and light source.
• The Cupola Proper: This main section of the dome is formed by eight triangular trusses. The overlying material consists of red brick, surrounded by prominent nerves that discharge weight from the drum. The lantern, crowning the dome, is made of white marble.

Engineering Challenges and Innovations

The construction of the dome presented... Continue reading "Brunelleschi's Dome: Florence Cathedral's Architectural Triumph" »

Sulfate Minerals

Maneuvering and Warning Sound Signals (Vessels in Sight)

These signals use short blasts (o, approximately 1 second) and prolonged blasts (__, 4–6 seconds).

• o: I am altering my course to starboard.
• oo: I am altering my course to port.
• ooo: I am operating astern propulsion (giving back).
• ooooo: Danger signal. I do not understand your intentions or actions.
• __ __ o: I intend to overtake you on your starboard side.
• __ __ oo: I intend to overtake you on your port side.
• __ o __ o: I agree with your proposed overtaking maneuver.
• __: Prolonged blast used as a warning signal when approaching a bend or leaving a berth.

Acoustic Signals in Reduced Visibility (Fog Signals)

These signals are sounded at intervals not exceeding two minutes.

• __: Power-driven vessel

Painting Techniques

Fresco

Fresco: Applied on a whitewashed wall with pigments dissolved in lime water. The painter must work quickly and confidently because corrections are impossible once the paint dries. A preparatory drawing is essential to mark the outlines and the areas to be painted.

Oil Painting

Oil: Applied on canvas or wood, using pigments dissolved in oil. Oil painting allows for corrections and a variety of pictorial effects, although errors may become visible over time.

Watercolor

Watercolor: Pigments mixed with water on absorbent paper. Corrections are difficult.

Pastel

Pastel: Applied with a pencil incorporating a binding agent on paper.

Collage

Collage: Popularized by Picasso and Braque, collage involves pasting colored newsprint or other... Continue reading "Painting Techniques: Fresco, Oil, Watercolor, and More" »