Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Roots of Revolution: Spain's Decline and Napoleonic Influence

Among the causes of the revolutionary crisis that matured from 1808 to 1810, the decline of Spain under the inept King Charles IV was certainly a major one. In Europe, Napoleon's expansion of French power significantly impacted Spain, leading to its effective satellite status. In 1807, French troops moved through Spain to invade Portugal.

By early 1810, French victory seemed inevitable. The juntas previously in charge of Spain dissolved and named the Cortes as their ruler. Confident that Napoleon's invincible armies would crush all opposition, some Creole leaders prepared to seize power. The imminent fall of Cadiz then ignited a conflict between patriots and royalists.

Simón Bolívar

Mexico & Argentina

Mexico's Path to Independence

The hero of the independence, liberal general Guadalupe Victoria, was elected first president under the new constitution in 1833. President Valentín Gómez Farías pushed to Congress a series of radical liberal reforms. General Antonio López de Santa Anna occupied the capital and sent Gómez into exile. He repealed the reform laws and suspended the constitution. The new conservative constitution of 1836 reduced the states to be completely dominated by the central government. This led to the loss of Texas in 1836. The United States annexed Texas in 1845, and the Mexican-American War broke out. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave up half of the country, ceding Texas, California,... Continue reading "The Struggle for Independence in Mexico and Argentina" »

Ozone (O3 ) is a made with three oxygen atoms; it is very unstable and has a short lifetime. At room Temperature and pressure has acrid odour and no colour, although at high concentration levels can turn Into blue. At high concentrations can be toxic and can cause death. It s not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. VOC + NOx + sunlight tropospheric O3Particulate Matter (PM) "Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small Particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic... Continue reading "Divergence in the upper air results, near the surface in: atpl" »

Denture Breakage and Repair

To repair a broken denture, ensure the fracture line fits perfectly without any missing material. Create dovetail retentions for the new material, avoiding the edges and focusing on the breaking line. Secure the fragments with a metal splint using wax and glue. Cast the denture's tissue surface with plaster, applying a separating agent. Incorporate auto-curable or thermocurable resin, and consider using metal mesh reinforcements for added strength. Cure the denture in boiling water, then remove the cast and plaster key. Polish the prosthesis with burs and rubbers to eliminate excess material. Note that there might be a slight color difference between the new and old material, but this is not a concern.

Immediate Removable

Denture Delivery, Adjustments, and Corrections

Achieving Balanced Bite

Following denture delivery, adjustments and corrections are often necessary to ensure a comfortable and functional fit. This includes:

• Checking the denture's articulation with articulator paper.
• Making occlusal corrections to ensure proper bite alignment.
• Modifying denture contours for optimal aesthetics and function.
• Eliminating areas of overpressure to prevent sore spots and ulcers (trimming sharp edges).

Patient Education and Follow-Up

Patients should be educated on proper denture care and maintenance, including:

• Learning to chew with their new dentures, avoiding pushing the prosthesis with the tongue, and chewing on both sides.
• Starting with soft foods and gradually progressing

Information Systems Explained

Definition of an Information System

An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making, coordination, and control within an organization.

Key Activities in an Information System

• Input: Capturing raw data from the organization or its external environment.
• Processing: Converting raw data into a more meaningful form.
• Output: Transferring processed information to the people or activities that will use it.

Understanding the Internet of Things (IoT)

Meaning and Impact of IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a revolution in the relationship between objects and people, connecting them to the network and enabling real-time data exchange.... Continue reading "Essential Digital Concepts: Information Systems, IoT, and Web Evolution" »

Organizational Structures

Decentralized Organizations

Flat Structure: Highly flexible, with close proximity to the director.

Multi-Local: Products are adapted to the specific needs of each market.

Transnational: The same product is offered in every market.

Centralized Organizations

Tall Structure: Characterized by control and rigidity.

Matrix Structure

Designed to avoid duplication and promote knowledge and experience sharing.

Federal Organizational Model

Authority flows from the periphery to the center.

Other Key Concepts

Innovation: Can be fostered by various organizational structures.

Standardization Skills: Crucial for professional organizations.

Divisional Structure: Products are marketed within the company.

Departments: Enhance efficiency.

Improved Hierarchy:

Internet gives our product the possibility to reach a lot of people located anywhere around the world, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, without having a big budget. As is well known, years ago advertising was done by TV, radio, or newspapers; if someone wanted to publish their business or product, they had to pay. Today, the Internet is a very useful tool — it offers many possibilities to promote a business for free. The most important thing is knowing where to start to take advantage of all the benefits that the Internet gives us.

Key Advantages of Online Promotion

The Internet offers us many advantages such as saving time. The time saved can be used in other productive activities. It provides lower costs and many benefits:

• Lower acquisition

5. Readiness to Notice (means be ready prepared)

The current state of the interlanguage system (when you're studying your first SLA). What the L is ready to notice (or attend to) due to his/her internal structures or mechanisms (some Ls are going to be more able than others to noticing structures). Pieneman’s Multidimensional Model (word order acquisition in L2 German or emergence of questions in L2 English). Acquisition of word in German. EX: Capacity to place adverbs at the beginning of sentences before. Capacity to place the verb at the end of the sentence in some structures. EX. Prediction about what the L can notice: what is to be noticed refers to the next thing to be acquired: adverbs at the beginning of sentences -> verbs at the... Continue reading "Factors Affecting Second Language Acquisition: Readiness to Notice and Task Demands" »