Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

International Trade Fundamentals

Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)

Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)

Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world.

The Scope of International Trade and Government Regulation

The role of governments in regulating international trade and investment is substantial.

Types of International Trade

There are two primary types of trade:

• Interindustry Trade: Depends on differences across countries

Understanding Energy Resources

Key Definitions of Energy Resources

• Renewable Resources: Resources that are not used faster than nature replenishes them (flow-limited).
• Non-Renewable Resources: Resources used faster than nature replenishes them (stock-limited).
• Sustainable: A resource use model that can be maintained over the long term with minimal environmental harm or loss of energy. Note: Sustainable is not equivalent to “renewable.”
• Conventional Energy: Energy derived from established sources like fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, and nuclear power.
• Alternative Energy: Energy derived from sources such as biofuels, solar, geothermal, and wind.

Conventional Energy Sources: Fossil Fuels

Advantages of Conventional Fuels

• They are cheap and have established

Coursebook Utility and Enhancement

Benefits, Selection, and Modification of Coursebooks

This section addresses the advantages of using a coursebook, methods for teachers to enhance them, pedagogical considerations for selection, and factors to consider when choosing one.

Benefits of Using a Coursebook

• Good coursebooks offer a carefully prepared, coherent syllabus, satisfactory language control, and motivating texts.
• They are often attractively presented.
• They provide teachers with material they can have confidence in.
• They come with detailed teacher’s guides offering suggestions and alternatives.
• Students generally like coursebooks.
• Coursebooks also provide material students can look back at for revision.

How Teachers Can Enhance the Coursebook

Teachers... Continue reading "Optimizing Coursebooks and Teaching Listening Skills" »

What do the letters TPR stand for? Who invented TPR? How does the inventor see L1 and L2 learning? What are the characteristics?

Total physical response

By a professor of psychology, at San José State University, California. James Asher.

Asher sees first and second language learning as parallel processes.

Characteristics:

• TPR required initial attention to meaning rather than to form.
• Grammar is taught inductively.
• Directions are given by the teacher in the target language.
• A fix number of items are introduced at one time. According to Asher, It is possible for pupils to learn between 12-36 new items in one hour.
• Body movements are a powerful mediator for understanding organisation and storage or linguistic input.
• Although the imperative is the main

Understanding Key Ceremonial Speeches and Public Roles

Ceremonial speeches serve vital functions in public life, marking important transitions, celebrations, and acknowledgments. Below are definitions of essential speech types and related roles in public speaking.

Master of Ceremonies (MC)

An individual designated to set the mood of the program, introduce participants, and keep the program moving smoothly.

Speech of Welcome

A brief, formal ceremonial address that greets and expresses pleasure for the presence of a person or an organization.

Speech of Introduction

A brief ceremonial speech that establishes a supportive climate for the main speaker, highlights the speaker's credibility by familiarizing the audience with pertinent biographical information,... Continue reading "Essential Types of Ceremonial Speeches and Public Speaking Roles" »

Problem solving group:

Four to seven people who work together to complete a specific task or solve a particular problem

Responsibility of group members:

Be committed to the group goal, keep discussions on track, complete individual assignments on time, encourage input from all members, manage conflict among members

Conflict:

Disagreement or clash among ideas, principles, or people

Groupthink:

When group members accept information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis

Five common conflict management styles

Withdrawing: A conflict management style that involves physically or psychologically removing yourself from the conflict

Accommodating: A conflict management style that involves accepting others' ideas while neglecting your own

Forcing:

Etymology

The origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning:

Example: ‘the etymology of the word ‘devil’’

Coinage

Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally.

Examples: Kleenex, Aspirin, Xerox

Borrowing

Process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another.

Examples: croissant (French), yogurt (Turkish), piano (Italian)

Blending

Join two words together by taking parts of both words and combining them into a new whole.

Examples: Breakfast + lunch = brunch, Smoke + fog = smog, Motor + hotel = motel

Clipping

The process of cutting the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole.

Examples: Prof (professor), Photo (photograph)... Continue reading "Word Formation Processes in English: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Quiz 8: Product Development & Distribution

1. The ______ step is the process of conducting market research on a potential product when engaging in the Product Development/Design process. EVALUATE

2. The CYL Yoga Studio is opening soon and needs to set up their product categories. All of the following will be labeled in the goods category EXCEPT: YOGA RETREATS

3. The Distribution Model represents all of the following EXCEPT: the flow of internationalization

4. ______ Model considers the logistics of having the right product in terms of the flow of information, innovation, compensation, and transaction costs. Miyazaki’s Distribution Approach

5. The ______ step is the process of determining the feasibility for a potential product when engaging in the Product

Social Networks

are spaces on the internet formed by communities of individuals with interests and activities in common, such as friendship, kinship, work, and that allow contact between them, so they can share content and interact.

No one thought that social networks were going to be a success

Many believed that they were just going to be a fad and would soon disappear. What is even more surprising is that it is now a consolidated universal platform, a highly requested and necessary tool for a brand, company, business, or artist. But it is not only of great help for various sectors, also for any individual who is in them.

Now, networks are already generating employment

but it was never thought that it would ever exist. New jobs were born due to