Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

The Lost Sheep

If some man has a hundred sheep, and one of them is lost for him, does not abandon he the ninety-nine in the mountain, and go and seek that one that he lost? And if he finds it, truly I tell you that he rejoices more for that one than over the ninety-nine that he has never lost.

Old Testament: Book of Genesis. Abraham and Isaac

1. God wanted to test Abraham's obedience and called his name.
2. And said to him in this manner.

Evolution of the iPhone

Released on June 29, 2007, the iPhone has seen multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases since.

User Interface and Connectivity

The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks.

Core iPhone Features

An iPhone can:

• Shoot video (standard feature from the iPhone 3GS)
• Take photos
• Play music
• Send and receive email
• Browse the web
• Send and receive text messages
• Follow GPS navigation
• Record notes
• Perform mathematical calculations
• Receive visual voicemail

Other functionality, such as video games, reference works, and social networking, can be enabled by downloading mobile apps.

The App Store Ecosystem

As of January 2017, Apple'... Continue reading "Evolution of the iPhone: Early Models & Capabilities" »

Trophic Interactions and Food Webs

Trophic interactions are known as a food web. In a food web, herring typically receives about 0.68% of primary production, compared to 1% in a linear food chain. Ecosystems with fewer trophic levels often exhibit greater fish production.

The Biological Pump

The biological pump refers to the removal of organic matter (specifically organic carbon, fixed by phytoplankton during photosynthesis) from the euphotic zone to deeper waters and ultimately to the ocean floor (sediments).

Biogeochemistry and Trace Metals

Biogeochemistry involves the biological mediation of geochemistry. It encompasses major element cycles such as Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S). These cycles are intimately linked to... Continue reading "Ocean Dynamics and Climate Science Fundamentals" »

The Concept of Alter Egos in Poe's Short Stories

In Edgar Allan Poe's short stories, the concept of alter egos often appears. Minister D., a character in"The Purloined Letter" serves as the criminal counterpart to Dupin, a detective who typically operates within the law.

Dupin's Recognition of the Similarity

Dupin acknowledges the resemblance between himself and Minister D., referring to him as"that monstrum horrendum, an unprincipled man of genius" He delights in outwitting the Minister in a battle of intellect.

The Fake Letter and the Greek Mythological Reference

In a fake letter left for Minister D., Dupin includes a quote about the Greek brothers Atreus and Thyestes. Thyestes's adultery with Atreus's wife leads to Atreus's revenge, in which... Continue reading "Minister D.: Dupin's Equal in Understanding the Human Mind" »

Personality Adjectives (English and Spanish)

• Ambitious (ambicioso)
• Bossy (mandón)
• Communicative (comunicativo)
• Considerate (considerado)
• Faithful (fiel)
• Honest (honesto)
• Imaginative (imaginativo)
• Jealous (celoso)
• Logical (lógico)
• Mature (maduro)
• Organized (organizado)
• Patient (paciente)
• Possessive (posesivo)
• Reasonable (razonable)
• Responsible (responsable)
• Selfish (egoísta)
• Sensitive (sensible)
• Sociable (sociable)
• Tidy (ordenado)
• Vain (vano)

Extreme Adjectives (Standard vs. Intense)

Adjectives

Defining Culture

Culture is a set of customs typical of a country. It involves the ability to transmit knowledge, beliefs, laws, and morals. It is a collection of traditions, rules, and a way of living.

United States at a Glance

Demographics and Geography

• Area: 9 million km²
• Population: 300 million people
• Urban Population: 82% of the population resides in cities

Ethnic Composition

• White: 72% of the population
• Latino: 16%
• African American: 12.6%
• Asian: 4.8%
• Native American: Below 1%

Basic Knowledge

• The USA is composed of 50 states.
• The last state admitted was Hawaii.
• Five Biggest Cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Phoenix, and Philadelphia.
• New York Population: 8 million
• Los Angeles Population: 4 million

US Government and History

Foundations of Government

• First

Ecocriticism: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Ecocriticism is an interdisciplinary field that examines the relationship between literature and the environment. Scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and explore how literature treats nature.

Core Concepts

• Ecology: The biological study of interactions between organisms and their physical environment.
• Domestic vs. Wild Nature: Domestic nature is customized for human benefit, while wild nature remains untouched by human intervention.
• Biocentrism: An ethical stance that values all life forms equally, regardless of their species.
• Darwism: The theory of biological evolution through natural selection.
• Pioneer Species: Organisms that colonize new environments, shaping their ecosystems and

Fundamental Concepts in Earth Physics

Elastic Moduli and Seismic Waves

Elastic Moduli Definitions

• Young's Modulus (Y): Describes the fractional change in length of an object when subjected to a tensile stress. The formula is: Y = (F/A) / (ΔL/L₀)
• Bulk Modulus (K): Describes how a fractional change in volume depends on the applied pressure.
• Shear Modulus (G): Describes how an angle of shear depends upon a tangential stress.

Seismic Wave Types

• P-wave (Primary Wave): Characterized by compressional and expansion motion.
• S-wave (Secondary Wave): Characterized by shear motion.

Demonstration of Radiometric Age Dating

Derivation of the Decay Equation

If the decay rate is equal to $\lambda$, the probability that a given nucleus will decay in a time interval... Continue reading "Geophysical Principles: Elasticity, Magnetism, and Radiometric Dating Formulas" »

What is Injection Molding?

Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts in large volumes. It is most typically used in mass-production processes where the same part is being created thousands or even millions of times in succession.

Injection Molding Machine

Why Use Injection Molding?

The principal advantage of injection molding is the ability to scale production en masse. Once the initial costs have been paid, the price per unit during injection molded manufacturing is extremely low. The price also tends to drop drastically as more parts are produced. Other advantages include the following:

• Molding is very repeatable. That is, the second part you produce is going to be practically identical to the first one. This is a wonderful

G.A. Cohen's Locked Room Analogy

The story of G.A. Cohen presents a scenario where ten people are locked in a single room with only one key able to open the door. This thought experiment is used to analyze the concepts of freedom and necessity within the capitalist system.

The Analogy's Components

The room is similar to the working class, the people locked in the room are the individual workers, and the key represents the means with which individual workers can escape the working class. It must also be noted that only one individual may use the key and leave the room, and after that individual leaves, no other individual may attempt to exit.

The Argument for Individual Freedom

It is true that before anyone attempts to leave, all are equally free... Continue reading "G.A. Cohen's Locked Room Analogy and Capitalist Exploitation" »