Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Resistors

• Longer side on positive
• Limit current through circuit
• Measured in ohms (Ω)

Voltage, Current, and Resistance

• Voltage (V): Exerted force to push electricity
• Current (I): Amount of electricity pushed (measured in Amps)
• Resistance (R): Constraints on the flow of electricity
• V = I*R, R=V/I, I=V/R

Diodes

• Act as stop-gap gates
• Ensure electron flow in intended direction

Motors

• Regular DC motors: Spin at various speeds
• Servo motors: Directional control, moving arm from controllable positions

Serial Communications

• Used to print values to Serial Monitor
• Good for troubleshooting

LEDs

• Light Emitting Diodes
• Light up when required forward voltage is found
• Intensity of light depends on current flow

Photodiodes

• Trip to reception of light, not emission of it
• Basics of solar

Week 4 and 5: Zoonotics and Climate Change

What is a vector-borne disease?

Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, blackflies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails, and lice. Know some examples of common vector-borne diseases such as cholera, dengue, and malaria. Be able to name a few common vectors (mosquitos, ticks, fleas) and a disease they carry.

Difference between direct and indirect modes of transmission

Indirect has a vector.

Role of Climate Change on Vector-Borne Diseases

Week 6: Toxic Metals: CERCLA and Superfund Sites

Clean up of waste sites. Toxic and hazardous and radioactive. Superfund is a United States federal government program... Continue reading "Vector-Borne Diseases, Toxic Metals, Pesticides, and Air Pollution" »

The transmission view of communication

The transmission view of communication is the commonest in our culture--perhaps in all industrial cultures--and dominates contemporary dictionary entries under the term. It is defined by terms such as "imparting," "sending," "transmitting," or "giving information to others." It is formed from a metaphor of geography or transportation. In the nineteenth century but to a lesser extent today, the movement of goods or people and the movement of information were seen as essentially identical processes and both were described by the common noun "communication." The center of this idea of communication is the transmission of signals or messages over distance for the purpose of control. It is a view of communication

^{Lazarsfeld's theory:}

The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944[4] and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955[5] and subsequent publications.[6] Lowery and DeFleur argue the book was much more than a simple research report: it was an effort to interpret the authors' research within a framework of conceptual schemes, theoretical issues, and research findings drawn broadly from the scientific study of small groups [7] Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency.

For example, in the field... Continue reading "Lazarsfeld's Two-Step Flow Theory of Mass Communication" »

The Viral Sensation of Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next'

Ariana Grande's hit song 'Thank U, Next' has become a cultural phenomenon, spawning numerous memes and trends across social media platforms. The song's lyrics, which detail Grande's experiences with past relationships and exes, struck a chord with listeners and sparked a wave of creativity.

'One Taught Me Love, One Taught Me Patience, and One Taught Me Pain'

One of the most popular memes emerged from the pre-chorus lyrics: 'One taught me love, one taught me patience, and one taught me pain.' Twitter users began sharing three images representing individuals or characters who taught them these valuable lessons, often using pop culture references for a humorous twist.

Examples and Variations

• The

Understanding Electrical Safety and Protection

The physiological effects and after-effects of electric current are determined by several critical factors:

• Type of current
• Current magnitude
• Frequency
• Duration of current passing through the body
• Resistance of the human body
• The insulation properties of the skin

Conductor Identification: Notation and Colors

Proper identification of conductors is crucial for electrical safety. Here are the standard notations and colors for insulated conductors:

• Working Conductor: Wire of the current system for power supply and energy transmission. Colors: Black, Brown, and Grey.
• Neutral Conductor: Wire connected to the source node, which contributes to energy transmission. Color: Light Blue.
• Protective Conductor: Wire required

1. Visibility of System Status

The system should always keep users informed about what is going on, through appropriate feedback within a reasonable time.

2. Match Between System and the Real World

The system should speak the user's language, with words, phrases, and concepts familiar to the user, rather than system-oriented terms. Follow real-world conventions, making information appear in a natural and logical order.

3. User Control and Freedom

Users often choose system functions by mistake and will need a clearly marked "emergency exit" to leave the unwanted state without having to go through an extended dialogue. Support undo and redo.

4. Consistency and Standards

Users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions... Continue reading "10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design" »

US Constitutional Protections in Criminal Law

Amendment IV: Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

• Exclusionary Rule: Evidence seized illegally may not be used to obtain a conviction.
• Key Case: Mapp v. Ohio (1961).

Amendment V (Part 1): Grand Jury and Double Jeopardy

"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising... Continue reading "US Constitutional Rights: Search, Trial, and Self-Incrimination" »

1. Double Salary?

Justify: 'Accept the offer'

• In USA business is governed by law and contract. There is apparently no relevant non-compete (stand-down) clause in her current contract.
• She should show them the new offer and ask them to pay her more than the new offer, or perhaps to match it. They had evidently been underpaying her.
• Point out that the other company evidently has found a way of making better use of her skills in order to serve the market or customer 'needs', that is, 'to drive forward the industry of mankind' for the common good; so she arguably has a moral obligation to accept it and move into that position

2. Wendy's Ads

Justify: Continue to advertise

• Our tests validate our claim and our ads refer to our tests only. It obviously depends

1. The Five Main Types of Speech Acts According to J.R. Searle:

1. Representatives, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition (paradigm case: asserting, concluding).
2. Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something.
3. Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future course of action.
4. Expressives, which express a psychological state.
5. Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extralinguistic institutions.

2. Meaning:

Grice makes a distinction between two types of meaning:

• Natural Meaning: This is the kind of meaning something has when it is a natural and reliable sign or symptom of, or evidence for, something. Natural