Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Implementing a New System Call in the Kernel

Required Files to Add

• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemCalls/test_call.c:
  • Creates system call pointer.
  • Exports the pointer so that the system call module can access it.
  • Defines the system call wrapper.
• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemCalls/Makefile: obj-y := test_call.o (Compiles files directly into the kernel).

System Module Implementation

• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemModule/syscallModule.c:
  • Holds module code.
  • Implements system call behavior.
  • Registers system call pointer to the proper system call handler.
• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemModule/Makefile: obj-m := syscallmodule.o (Compiles file as a module).

Required Files to Modify

• /usr/src/test_kernel/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl: Add the system call to the table.
• /usr/

Unit 2 Test: Level 1

Vocabulary and Grammar Exercises

• 1: 1. abducted, 2. speed, 3. well-deserved, 4. launched, 5. widespread, 6. crew, 7. wrap up, 8. voyage
• 2: 1. a tree, 2. the earthquake, 3. there are few benefits, 4. believed him, 5. difficult to see them, 6. plenty of time
• 3: 1. pick up, 2. work out, 3. took off, 4. use up, 5. catch on, 6. carry out, 7. broke down, 8. put on
• 4: 1. decide, 2. hadn’t told, 3. didn’t have, 4. would happen, 5. wouldn’t bother, 6. will go
• 5: 1. had seen / would have said, 2. had / would save, 3. would have cancelled / had known, 4. would go / are making, 5. will call / finish (or have finished)
• 6: 1. the spacecraft orbits (or has orbited) Earth, it can land; 2. I had visited her in hospital; 3. he rushes, he’ll

Finance Concepts: Ratios, Markets, and Risk

1. 1. Types of work in finance subareas

   Be able to recognize the types of work in subareas of finance such as investments, financial management, international finance, etc.

2. 2. Basic ratio categories to know

   Know the basics of the different ratio categories (e.g., liquidity, asset management, profitability).

   Liquidity — a ratio that measures the relationship between a firm's current assets and current liabilities.

3. 3. Average collection period ratio

   Know what the average collection period ratio measures.

   The average number of days between the date a credit sale is made and the date the purchaser pays for that sale.

4. 4. Time value of money concept

   Know that money in the future is worth less than money today.

   (Time

Financial Concepts and Calculation Practice

Expectation Theory and Two-Year Rates

Problem: If the one-year rate on an instrument is 9.0% and the expected rate for a one-year instrument one year from today is 9.89%, what is the expected two-year rate today, if the expectation theory holds?

• One-year rate: 9.00%
• One-year rate, one year forward: 9.89%

Formula: (1 + R1) * (1 + ER2) = (1 + R2)^2

Calculation:

• (1 + 0.09) * (1 + 0.0989) = (1 + R2)^2
• (1.09) * (1.0989) = (1 + R2)^2
• 1.197801 = (1 + R2)^2
• sqrt(1.197801) = 1 + R2
• 1.094449 = 1 + R2
• R2 = 0.094449

Expected Two-Year Rate: 9.44% (approximately 9.4%)

Understanding the Rule of 72

The Rule of 72 is a quick method to estimate the number of years it takes for an investment to double in value, given a fixed annual... Continue reading "Essential Financial Concepts & Calculations" »

The Rapid Rise of Plastic Pollution

Plastic pollution is damaging our environment rapidly. Waste plastic material is hard to dispose of and contributes to major pollution on Earth. This has become a cause of global concern in recent times. With the increasing use of plastic bags, utensils, and furniture, the amount of plastic waste has also gone up, and so has plastic pollution.

It is time we must take this problem seriously and work towards eradicating it, because it is causing significant damage to humans, animals, and plants. Our planet is suffering, and we need to stop this trend.

The Ubiquitous Threat to Ocean Ecosystems

Plastic pollution is already one of the most serious threats to ocean ecosystems. Scientists realize that plastic is ubiquitous—it... Continue reading "Global Crisis: Mitigating Plastic Pollution and Waste Management" »

Chapter 7: Experiencing Positive Emotions

When it comes to flourishing as human beings, what often takes center stage is our ability to feel positive emotions.

One of the core elements of flourishing is the study of positive emotions (PERMA).

Positive Emotions: a wide range of pleasant emotions in the past, present, and future; being able to know what it is to be happy and to experience an enduring sense of well-being.

Two ways of smiling:

- Duchenne smile: a full-face smile where not only your mouth turns up, but the corners of your eyes crinkle, as well. That is, you smile with your eyes as well as your mouth.

- “the other smile”: with the mouth only and does not involve the eyes.

The extent to which the women displayed the Duchenne smile in... Continue reading "Experiencing Positive Emotions and Happiness" »

Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology:

The application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace.

Scientist/Practitioner Model:

An approach used to train I/O psychologists maintaining that because I/O psychologists are both generators and consumers of knowledge, training must be focused on both theory and application.

Competencies:

The skills, behaviors, and capabilities that allow employees to perform specific functions.

Dissertation:

A unique piece of scholarly research that is usually the last hurdle before obtaining a PhD.

My Alpha and Army Beta:

Mental ability tests developed by I/O psychologists during World War I that were used to select and classify army personnel.

Science:

A process or method for generating a body of knowledge.... Continue reading "Understanding I/O Psychology and Research Methods" »

Core Accounting Definitions

• Accounts Payable: What the company owes.
• Accounts Receivable: Money owed to the company (e.g., from customers); included as assets.
• Accumulated Depreciation: How much an asset loses value over time (pages 46-49).
• Assets: Things you own (found in the balance sheet).
• Equity: All the money the owner or owners put into the company.
• Expenses: Everything the company has to pay and spend to produce and create profit.

Financial Statements

• Balance Sheet: A statement that shows a company's assets, liabilities, and equity; prepared yearly.
• Balance Sheet Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity.
• Income Statement: Statement of operations, declared yearly (cumulative results, also known as the bottom line).

Operational and Asset Classifications

• Common

Stages of the Service Marketing Research Process

Complaint Solicitation

A method of communication to improve services by gathering customer feedback.

Critical Incident Studies

Qualitative interviews where customers share stories of satisfying and dissatisfying service encounters.

Requirement Research

Identifying the expected benefits and attributes customers desire in a service.

Relationship and SERVQUAL Surveys

Questionnaires assessing the customer-company relationship to identify strengths and weaknesses.

Trailer Calls or Post-Transaction Surveys

Brief surveys conducted immediately after a transaction to capture key service encounter information.

Service Expectation Meetings and Reviews

Eliciting client expectations at a specific time and later assessing... Continue reading "Service Marketing Research: Process, Relationships, and Recovery" »