Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

The Progressive Biennium (1854–1856)

• The Progressive Liberals resorted to a military coup d'état to access power when the political system and the prestige of the monarchy weakened.
• New President of the Government: Espartero, with the help of the Unionist General O'Donnell.
• Confiscation and privatization of civil and communal assets (fostered by Minister of Economy, Madoz, in 1855).
• General Railway Law (1855).

The Final Years of Isabella II (1856–1868)

• Power was held alternately by the Moderates of Narváez and the Unionists of O'Donnell.

• Moderate Policies

  • Creation of an educational system (the Moyano Law), regulating primary education.
  • Colonialist foreign policy: campaigns in Morocco, Indochina, and Mexico.

• Growing Opposition

  • Growing opposition

The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

One of these liberal coups, headed by Colonel Riego, succeeded in taking power. Ferdinand VII was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812 and the liberal legislation.

The Ominous Decade (1823-1833)

Ferdinand asked for help from the Holy Alliance, which sent an army, the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, to restore the absolute monarchy in Spain. The King faced many problems in this period:

• Independence of the Spanish American colonies
• State bankruptcy, due to the high level of debt during the War of Independence and the lack of income.
• The succession problem owing to a lack of a male descendant. Ferdinand issued the Pragmatic Sanction that repealed the Salic Law, by which women were not allowed to reign.

Packaging and Distribution Fundamentals

Product + Package = Distribution

Severity is the measure of the environment.

Product represents the level of resistance.

Product resistance + packaging measured ability to protect = Environmental Hazard.

Packaging Definitions

Underpackaging: Provides less protective capacity than required.

Overpackaging: The package protection level is higher than necessary.

Main Purpose of Packaging

To protect the product during transport.

Key Functions of Packaging

• Protection: Shielding against possible hazards.
• Containment: Preventing issues like liquids leaking or humidity affecting electronics.
• Apportionment: Making the product modular for easy breakdown or distribution.
• Unitization: Keeping items together (e.g., using a pallet)

Fundamentals of Packaging and Distribution

The relationship between product resistance and packaging protection defines the environmental hazard encountered during transport:

• Product Resistance + Packaging Protection = Environmental Hazard

Defining Protection Levels

Severity is the measure of the environment, while the Product represents the level of resistance it offers.

• Underpackaging: Provides less protective capacity than required.
• Overpackaging: The package protection is higher than necessary, potentially increasing costs.

Six Core Functions of Packaging

The main purpose of packaging is protection during transport and handling.

1. Protection: Shielding against possible hazards such as vibration and shock.
2. Containment: Preventing issues like liquids

Assessment Codes

B, D, D, A, C, B, D, D, A, B

Globalization and American Values

Colonial Globalization and Free Trade

Colonial globalization promotes American values through free trade. It represents the dark side of free trade in colonial history, where capitalist countries consistently seek cheap labor and control over resources.

Key Concepts in Media and Entertainment

The Paramount Decision

The Paramount Decision was a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that mandated film studios sell their theater chains, regulating vertical integration within the industry.

Synergy in Entertainment

Synergy refers to the vertical and horizontal integration of entertainment companies and the products they market. For example, Pepsi's involvement in various entertainment ventures.... Continue reading "The Global Reach of American Culture: Media, Trade, and Societal Impact" »

What is Linguistics?

A linguist is usually described as a person who is skilled in some way with a given language, including ancient languages. The term can be used to describe a person who specializes in linguistics, which is the study of language, or it can refer to someone who is well-versed in the translation, interpretation, and application of a language. At the same time, this title may be used for someone who is fluent in multiple languages.

In the academic sense, a linguist is a person who engages in and studies linguistics. This is the scientific study of language—both theoretical and practical. Such a person may be studying or professionally practicing either theoretical or applied linguistics.

Examples of theoretical linguistics include... Continue reading "Linguistics: Understanding Language Structure" »

1. Is the DuPont Key Figure System the Only Accepted System With No Disadvantages?

False

While widely recognized, the DuPont system doesn't account for liquidity, a factor often considered more critical than profitability. Focusing solely on profitability as a single objective is a shared limitation of many analytical tools.

2. What's an Advisable Approach to Developing Charts for Reports?

Consider these steps:

1. Statement: Define the message you want to convey.
2. Comparison: Determine the basis for comparison (e.g., time periods, categories).
3. Chart: Select a chart type that best visually represents the data and comparison.

3. What Are the Four Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard? Explain One Briefly.

The Balanced Scorecard encompasses:

1. Financial: Focuses

European Colonization in America

Colonization is the act of dominating or conquering a country or territory. This domination can be political, military, or cultural in nature and can develop violently or peacefully. America, for instance, was colonized by various European countries, including France and England.

The English and French colonized America less for gold and more for reasons such as establishing a new life, distinct from their homeland. Typically, the English settlers stayed along the coast, while the French ventured into the forests to expand their commercial and religious frontiers.

Racism and Segregation in the Narrative

Mainly, it is important to differentiate between racism and segregation. Segregation consists of the separation... Continue reading "Race, Gender, and Power Dynamics in Colonial America" »

Major Record Labels and Founders

• Decca: Major international label featuring both Buddy Holly and Bill Haley.
• RCA: Major international label that purchased Elvis Presley's contractual rights in 1955.
• Sun: Memphis-based independent label that originally signed Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins.
• Atlantic: New York-based independent label featuring Ray Charles, Ruth Brown, The Coasters, and The Drifters.
• Chess: Chicago-based independent label featuring Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley.

Record Label Founders

• Sam Phillips: Founder of Sun Records.
• Ahmet Ertegun: Co-founder of Atlantic Records.
• Berry Gordy, Jr.: Founder of Motown Records.

Key Figures, Producers, and Innovators

Managers, Promoters, and DJs

• Alan Freed: The disc