Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Convertible Securities: An Overview

Convertible securities are financial instruments that offer investors the flexibility to convert them into a different form or type of security, typically common stock. These securities provide investors with the potential for both fixed income and equity returns.

Types of Convertible Securities

• Convertible Bonds: Bonds that can be exchanged for a predetermined number of shares of common stock.
• Convertible Preferred Stock: Preferred stock that can be converted into common stock.

Key Features of Convertible Securities

• Conversion Ratio: The number of shares of common stock an investor will receive if they exchange their convertible security.
• Conversion Price: The price at which the convertible security can be converted

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »

**CIA Triad: Core Security Principles**

The CIA Triad consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. These are the fundamental goals of information security.

**Threat Modeling: Proactive Security**

Threat modeling involves system decomposition and emphasizes security by design.

**Kerckhoffs's Principle: System Security**

Kerckhoffs's Principle states that:

1. Security should not depend on the secrecy of the system's design, but only on the secrecy of the key.
2. The system should be usable.
3. Keys must be easy to change.

**One-Time Pad: Unbreakable Encryption**

A One-Time Pad is an algorithm that XORs the message with a randomly generated key of equal length. It is secure if:

1. The key is truly random.
2. The key is as long as the message.
3. Each key is used

The Popular Front in Spain: February-July 1936

Formation and Political Context

In February 1936, elections took place in Spain, following the dissolution of the Cortes by President Alcalá-Zamora, who believed the Republic needed to shift towards the center. The preceding four years had seen a political pendulum swing: the first two years were governed by left-wing parties, while the subsequent two were dominated by the CEDA and Lerroux's Radical Party.

The rising tide of fascism and Nazism across Europe, coupled with the Comintern's (Third International, ruled from Moscow) rejection of an immediate move into class struggle, significantly favored the creation of left-wing party alliances. The term Popular Front was coined by communists, notably... Continue reading "Spain's Popular Front: Formation and Political Impact 1936" »

1. Get Organized

You can't do any work if you don't know what assignments need to be completed. Invest in a planner or start using the calendar app on your phone. This makes it much easier to keep track of individual assignments and important due dates.

2. Set Simple, Achievable Goals

Part of the reason we procrastinate is because the task at hand seems too daunting. It's a lot easier to get started on a project when you establish simple, reachable goals rather than a big, vague plan. Instead of telling yourself, "I'll study biology tonight," say, "I'll study chapter six tonight." This makes your goals less intimidating and more attainable.

3. Create a Timeline/Schedule

After you set your goals, create a timeline to complete them. This could be... Continue reading "Effective Study Habits: 10 Steps to Academic Success" »

Systematic Quality Management: Ensuring Excellence from the Outset

Quality management involves activities undertaken systematically, with appropriate methodologies, by individuals and teams, to ensure processes and products are done correctly from the outset. This organizational approach is based on prevention, requiring significant effort at the initial stages to minimize issues later.

Key Advantages of a Preventive Quality Approach

• Reduced product development time
• Improved knowledge transfer
• Enhanced part and system design
• Better manufacturing processes
• Optimized production locations

Core Principles of Quality Engineering

• Systematic and rigorous application
• Utilization of multidisciplinary teams
• Active involvement of customers, suppliers, and subcontractors
• Application

The Process of Sensation

1. The sense remains in potency while not excited.
2. The object acts according to its nature.
3. This action is not purely material.
4. The sense receives the action of the object according to its nature.
5. Once the sense has been excited, it reacts according to its nature; that is to say, it knows.

Conclusion on Sensation

It's the common act of the sensed thing and of the sensing agent.

Internal Senses: An Overview

• Common Sense
• Imagination
• Estimative Faculty
• Memory

Common Sense: Functions and Nature

• It's a sense.
• It's an internal sense.

Functions of Common Sense

1. Allows experiencing diverse sensations and comparing them.
2. Allows knowing the direct acts of sensible knowledge.

Nature of Common Sense

1. It is not a reflective capability.
2. It is not an intellectual

The field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering generally covers the behavior of alternating current signals with frequencies in the range of 100 MHz (1 MHz = 10⁶ Hz) to 1000 GHz (1 GHz = 10⁹ Hz). RF frequencies range from very high frequency (VHF) (30–300 MHz) to ultra high frequency (UHF) (300–3000 MHz), while the term microwave is typically used for frequencies between 3 and 300 GHz, with a corresponding electrical wavelength between λ = c/ f = 10 cm and λ = 1 mm, respectively. Signals with wavelengths on the order of millimeters are often referred to as millimeter waves.

Limitations of Standard Circuit Theory

Because of the high frequencies (and short wavelengths), standard circuit theory often cannot be used directly to... Continue reading "RF and Microwave Engineering: Principles and Applications" »

Implementing a New System Call in the Kernel

Required Files to Add

• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemCalls/test_call.c:
  • Creates system call pointer.
  • Exports the pointer so that the system call module can access it.
  • Defines the system call wrapper.
• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemCalls/Makefile: obj-y := test_call.o (Compiles files directly into the kernel).

System Module Implementation

• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemModule/syscallModule.c:
  • Holds module code.
  • Implements system call behavior.
  • Registers system call pointer to the proper system call handler.
• /usr/src/test_kernel/SystemModule/Makefile: obj-m := syscallmodule.o (Compiles file as a module).

Required Files to Modify

• /usr/src/test_kernel/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl: Add the system call to the table.
• /usr/