Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Understanding Building Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic installations comprise a system of pipes (suction, discharge, and distribution), reservoirs, tanks, control valves, pumps, and hot water generators. These are essential for providing continuous hot and cold water to fixtures and other sanitary services within a building.

Purpose of Hydraulic Systems

The primary goal of hydraulic installations is to supply all required architectural spaces with adequate water and pressure, through appropriate sanitary fixtures, ensuring optimal functionality and service.

Water Distribution Pipes

Distribution pipes are branches that supply water to each level, zone, and fixture within a building. These can include horizontal distribution mains, as well as specific... Continue reading "Building Hydraulic Systems: Water Supply & Fixtures" »

Coaxial Cable Specifications

A coaxial cable features a copper connector at its center, covered by an insulating layer, then a layer of armor, and finally an outer coating layer. It uses BNC connectors (type and tipoF). Coaxial cables are not very flexible, support speeds of 10 Mbps, and require a connection to ground.

Uses and Applications of Copper Wires

• Coaxial Cable: Used in radio frequencies modulated as cable TV.
• Twisted Pair: Used for data transmissions and VoIP.

Fiber Optic Cable Elements

• Core: The element that transmits light, located at the center of the fiber optic cable (FOR). The core is made of silica or glass.
• Cladding: Covers the core.
• Buffer: Helps protect the core and cladding from damage.
• Resistant Material: Prevents the buffer surrounding

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Scope of Energy
Dimensions of Energy

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Defining Concepts

• Energy Source
• Energy Resources
• Energy Reserves
• Energy Carrier

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Classification of Energy Sources

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OPEC as an Oligopoly

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The Crude Market: Acquisition of Materials

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Spot-Market Petroleum Products and Meeting Demand
Security Stocks and Strategic Reserves

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The Crisis of 1990

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The Oil Markets: Explaining the Crisis of 1997-99

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Location of the Oil Market After 9/11
Situation in 2008
Factors Influencing the Oil Market

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Profitability of the Oil Industry
Explaining its Effects on Oil Prices, Refining, Exploration, Production, and Consumption

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CORES: Objectives, Performance Criteria, Members, Financing

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The Control of Fuel Prices

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Energy Management
Objectives

Understanding A/D Double Ramp Converters

Analytical relation between parameters, knowing the tension (V) acquired in the capacitor during loading, is the same as that lost during discharge. If constants are represented as 'k', then V = k * time. This expression confirms the direct relationship between the input voltage and the discharge time. When the value reaches 0, the discharge is completed, and the detector steps from 0 to A2, implying Vc = 1, ordering the transfer of the counter state at the exit.

Converter A/D Double Ramp

Its principle is the conversion of voltage to time. Both the input voltage and the reference voltage become time intervals; the relationship between the two ranges is equal to the ratio between two voltages. The core of... Continue reading "Understanding A/D Double Ramp Converters: Principles & Operation" »

8.5 Dynamic Memory with Reservation — 8.5.1 General Features

Dynamic memory is essential for managing dynamic structures like lists, trees, and graphs. It's heavily used in object-oriented programming, where each object resides in the heap.

Key heap operations include allocation (e.g., malloc in C, new in C++) and deallocation (e.g., free in C, delete in C++). These operations are handled by a dedicated library that manages dynamic memory.

Allocation involves assigning a memory block of a specific size. Deallocation frees a memory block, allowing its reuse for future allocations. Effective heap management requires techniques to optimize space usage and the execution time of allocation and deallocation operations.

8.5.2 Fixed-Length Blocks

In this... Continue reading "Dynamic Memory Management: Strategies and Techniques" »

Storage Units: Definition and Types

Item 10: Storage units are those that can permanently store data or programs. They allow modification and re-saving of data for later retrieval. Central microcomputer equipment always includes a hard disk drive and a CD drive. The IDE interface for hard disks and CD/DVD drives is the most commonly used. Motherboards typically have two connectors to connect up to four devices. The SCI interface, used in professional equipment, is currently seeing less use due to the steady growth in flash drive storage capacity.

Physical and Logical Structure of Storage

Storage structure is divided into two parts:

• Physical Structure: This refers to how the storage medium is divided and corresponds to where the information is

Materiais Téxtiles

Os materiais téxtiles poden ser naturais ou sintéticos. As fibras naturais extráense de materias primas de orixe animal, vexetal ou mineral.

Fibras de Orixe Natural

Orixe Vexetal

Algodón: Provén do froito da planta do mesmo nome, da familia das malváceas. Aínda que a súa cor natural é branca, pode tinguirse de moitas cores. É elástico e flexible, bo illante térmico, resistente aos ácidos, lixeiro e permeable.

Liño: Obtense do talo da planta do mesmo nome, da familia das lináceas. A súa cor natural é branca ou castaña. É suave, flexible, bo condutor térmico e resistente ao cloro e á lixivia.

Esparto: Extráese das follas dunha planta herbácea. É moi resistente e tenaz. Emprégase na industria do calzado,... Continue reading "Propiedades e Aplicacións de Materiais Naturais e Sintéticos" »

KE-Jetronic Fuel Injection System

KE-Jetronic combines K-Jetronic and electronic control. It features an electrohydraulic flow injection system that adapts to engine operating states, enriching or leaning the fuel mixture as needed. Unlike some systems, it does not have a warming phase regulator. Key components include an engine temperature probe, a throttle butterfly switch, and a potentiometer within the flowmeter that determines the position of the plate probe.

L-Jetronic Fuel Injection System

L-Jetronic is a fully electronic system, characterized by intermittent and simultaneous fuel injection. Fuel volume is measured by a paddle-tube flowmeter. Fuel is metered by electromagnetic injectors. This system does not use a fuel distributor/doser.... Continue reading "Automotive Fuel Injection Systems: KE-Jetronic to MONO-MOTRONIC" »

DC Machine Types

Field or Parallel Shunt

• Field winding with many turns
• Small wire cross-section
• High resistance
• High inductance
• Field current is 1 to 4% of Inom

Field Series

• Low resistance
• Large cross-section
• Few turns
• Low inductance

Compound or Series and Parallel

• Part of the field is in series
• Low resistance
• Large cross-section
• Coils with few turns
• Low inductance

Independent Excitation

• Used for servo applications
• Auxiliary fields for weak-field switching
• Interpolate and is connected in series with armature
• Instability at high speeds
• Field-stabilizer used in shunting engines, connected in series with the armature

Control System

A control system is a device or group of devices used to control the operation of one or more electric machines.

Types of Diagrams

Connection

Technology, Materials, and Processes

Technology seeks to meet human needs by creating artificial objects. It involves the study of materials, technical skills, and work organization.

Materials are consumed in a process. They are used once and then depleted.

Tools are not consumed in a process. They can be used repeatedly and experience little to no depletion.

Inventing is creating an object for the first time.

Innovating is improving an object that already exists.

Discovering is finding something that existed but was previously unknown.

Craftsmanship involves creating objects with few or many people. These objects are unique because they are handmade with limited tools and tend to be expensive.

Industry involves many people, resulting in identical... Continue reading "Technology, Materials, and Processes: A Comprehensive Look" »