Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Fundamentals of Prototyping and Digital Manufacturing

A prototype is an early example of an object that is manufactured to evaluate certain aspects during the construction phase of a technical project. It can cover anything from a specific element to the entire project.

What is Digital Manufacturing?

Digital manufacturing is a manufacturing process where data from a digital design is transferred to computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) tools that execute the prototype manufacturing process without the need for human interaction.

• CAD (Computer-Aided Design): The foundational tool used for creating the digital design.

Understanding 3D Printing Technology

A 3D printer is a machine that can print figures with volume from a computer design.

Key Components

Feasible (Factible)

Possible to do. Example: With the extra resources, the scheme now seems feasible.

Forklift (Máquina elevadora)

A small vehicle with two strong metal bars on the front, used for lifting heavy goods.

Full-scale Drawing (Dibujo a gran escala)

A drawing where the dimensions are the same as the real size of the object.

General Arrangement Drawing (Plano de disposición general)

Shows the layout of an entire assembly or structure, but does not provide details of smaller individual components.

Grid D14 (Cuadrícula D14)

In the designs of large structures, a grid is often superimposed on plan drawings to allow elements and installations to be located relative to the gridlines.

High Bay Warehouse (Almacén alto)

A tall warehouse, approximately

Nick Srnicek on Data and 21st-Century Systems

In this chapter, Nick Srnicek examines the raw material central to the system focus in the 21st century: data. Srnicek demystifies the critique of data collection as a mere monitoring method.

On the one hand, he warns that caution should be exercised regarding the belief that data collection and analysis is an automated and uncomplicated process. On the other hand, he lists the processes that make them profitable. The real problem for capitalist companies was that old business models were not well designed to extract and use data. A different business model was needed, and platforms emerged.

Platforms became an efficient way to monopolize, extract, analyze, and use the increasing amounts of data being... Continue reading "Nick Srnicek on Data Extraction and Platform Business Models" »

IoT Solution Ecosystem Fundamentals

IoT solutions are an ecosystem of orchestrated devices, services, and applications, implementing specific business logic.

Types of IoT Solution Platforms

IoT platforms can generally be categorized based on their primary focus:

• Process-Centric Platforms: These focus on orchestration, API management, integration, interoperability, and data transformation.
• Data-Centric Platforms: These focus on data storage, data manipulation, and data analysis.
• Device-Centric Platforms: These primarily handle device management and lifecycle.
• Network-Centric Platforms (Gateways/Servers): These deal with protocol transformation and network connectivity.

Major Challenges in IoT Deployment

Key challenges facing the Internet of Things include... Continue reading "IoT Solutions: Platforms, Security Challenges, and Deployment Constraints" »

Defining Area Networks and Communication Ranges

Body Area Network (BAN)

This network utilizes wireless (radio) technology, specifically targeting operations on, in, and around the human body. It operates over a short range (< 10 m).

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A network used for communication among devices near a person. The devices do not necessarily need to be owned by that person. PANs can use either wireless or wired technology and operate over a short range (< 10 m).

Near-me Area Network (NAN)

A network enabling communication among wireless devices in close proximity. Devices are not required to be part of the same network; they can belong to different networks.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network of devices that are in proximity, typically... Continue reading "Network Classification and IoT Communication Protocols" »

Computer Hardware and Usage: Q&A

Basic Computer Knowledge

1. What is a Bus?

   A bus is a device that determines how much data can be transmitted.

2. What Does She Look Like?

   She is beautiful, medium tall, with brown hair.

3. How Tall Are You?

   I am tall, one meter and seventy-four centimeters.

4. What is a Motherboard?

   The motherboard is the hub used to connect all the essential components of a computer.

Input and Output Devices

5) Define input and output device

An input device is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.

An output device is any piece of computer hardware used to communicate the results of data processing.

RAM vs. ROM

6) What is the difference between ROM and RAM?

ROM: Access to memory information... Continue reading "Computer Hardware and Usage: Q&A for Students" »

Twisted Pair Cable Subclassifications

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

• They do not have a conducting screen.
• Advantage: Very flexible.
• Disadvantage: Very sensitive to interference.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

• Each pair is surrounded by a protective mesh.
• Disadvantage: Less flexible.
• Advantage: Improved immunity to noise, reducing interference.

Shielded/Foiled Twisted Pair (S/FTP)

• An overall screen is added to all cables.
• Advantage: Enhanced noise immunity (even better than STP).

Foiled Twisted Pair (FTP)

• They have an overall conducting screen in the form of a braid.
• Advantage: Reduces interference.
• Disadvantage: More expensive than STP.

Analog vs. Digital Signals

• Analog signals represent continuous functions and can take any value within a range.
• Digital signals

Mechanical Movement Systems: Transmission and Transformation

This section details the fundamental mechanisms used to transmit or transform movement within mechanical systems.

Mechanisms of Movement Transmission

Transmission mechanisms transfer motion and power from a driving element to a driven element. These include:

• Direct Transmission: Elements are in direct contact (e.g., friction wheels, gears).
• Indirect Transmission: Uses flexible elements (e.g., belt or chain).
• Auxiliary Mechanisms: Clutches, brakes, and turn reversers (inverters).

Direct Transmission Components

Axis (Axle)

A fixed support element around which another component, such as a wheel, rotates.

Shaft

A rotating element that transmits circular motion and power.

Coupling

An element that allows

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Microprocessors have been part of the manufacturing process since the 1960s. At first, they were only used for certain processes in high-profit companies, primarily because early computers were very large and expensive.

By the end of the 20^th century, a totally new and more efficient approach had become possible. This approach, known as Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), interlinks various technologies to create an optimal manufacturing environment, spanning the entire process from initial order to final delivery.

The Scope and Requirements of CIM

CIM spans all facets of business, although engineering plays the central role. However, a critical requirement for successful CIM implementation is that all... Continue reading "CIM vs CAM: Integrating Technology and Preventing Industrial Disasters" »

**Protection and Indirect Contacts**

Luminaires shall be Class I or Class II. Accessible metal parts of the luminaires will be connected to the ground. Excluded from this requirement are those metal parts with double insulation that are not accessible to the general public. For access to the interior of luminaires installed at a height less than 3 meters above the ground or in a publicly accessible space, the use of special tools will be required. All metal structures within a distance of less than 2 meters from the metal parts of the exterior lighting installation shall be joined together equipotentially. It must be ascertained whether these metallic elements can transfer dangerous voltage points to a distance (e.g., metallic). In which case,... Continue reading "Safety and Installation Standards for Outdoor Lighting" »