Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

The Complete List of Irregular English Verbs

This comprehensive resource provides the infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms for essential irregular verbs, along with their corresponding Spanish meanings. Use this table to improve your English conjugation skills.

Spanish for Travel and Business

Common Travel Phrases

Me voy a Los Ángeles el lunes = I'm going to Los Angeles on Monday.

¿Vas a París por negocios? = Are you going to Paris on business?

Vuelvo a Londres en tren = I'm coming back to London by train.

Llego a Madrid justo después de medianoche = I'm arriving in Madrid just after midnight.

Business Interactions

¿Cuándo te reúnes con los trabajadores? = When are you meeting with the workers?

El nuevo ayudante llega a la oficina el martes y se queda dos semanas = The new assistant is arriving at the office on Tuesday and is staying for two weeks.

Llegaremos a Londres a mediados de mes = We are arriving in London in the middle of the month.

Él viajó a Londres el 22 de marzo = He traveled to London... Continue reading "Spanish Phrases for Travel and Business" »

Modal Verbs: Can, Will, and Shall

The Modal Verb "Can" (Ability and Possibility)

Se utiliza para expresar cosas que podemos o no podemos hacer (habilidad o posibilidad):

• Affirmative (AF): I can play the piano.
• Negative (NG): I can't play the guitar.
• Interrogative (INT): Can I play football?

Common Expressions with "Can"

Can you make it? (¿Puedes quedar?)

Used to ask if someone can attend an appointment or meeting.

Example: Can you make it at nine o'clock on Thursday?

Why can't you make it? (¿Por qué no puedes quedar?)

Can you tell the difference between...? (¿Distingues cuándo...?)

Example: Can you tell the difference between a mosquito bite and a flea bite?

Can you tell when someone...? (¿Distingues cuándo alguien...?)

Example: Can you tell when... Continue reading "Mastering English Modals, Past Tenses, and Adjectives" »

English Simple Present Tense Conjugation

Learn how to form positive, negative, and interrogative sentences in the simple present tense.

Technical English: Water & Electronics Terminology

Understand common verbs and prepositions used in technical contexts, especially for water and electrical systems.

Crime and Justice

Vocabulary

• Arrest
• Break the law
• Commit a crime
• Do community service
• Get away with (escape with)
• Get carried away (become enthusiastic, let oneself go)
• Give a sentence
• Go to court
• Go to prison
• Pay a fine
• Punish (sanction/penalize)
• Spend time in prison
• Treat fairly

People

• Criminal
• Judge
• Offender
• Victim
• Witness

Idioms

• Be above board (be honest and legal)
• Catch someone red-handed (catch someone in the act)
• Face the music (accept the consequences)
• Get to the bottom of (discover the truth)
• Keep your nose clean (stay out of trouble)
• Step out of line (disobey or fail to follow rules)

Phrasal Verbs

• Bring in (introduce)
• Cover up (conceal)
• Found out (discover)
• Let on (reveal information)
• Own up to (confess, admit)
• Set up (trap)
• Stamp out (eliminate)
• Stand up to (confront)

Present Continuous

To talk about something that is happening at the moment we talk.

• I’m studying now (Yo estoy estudiando ahora)
• I’m it raining? (está lloviendo?)

Past Simple

To speak of a concrete action that began and ended in the past.

• Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se quedó en casa anoche.)
• I didn’t go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.)

Future Tense

Going to

Expresses the duration of a past action and does not indicate if it is finished.

Will

Work to raise capital and start my own business

I will study some specialization or the French language.

According to projections, everything seems to indicate that in the coming years tourism will increase slowly.

Present Perfect

When do we use present perfect? ¿Cuándo usamos el presente... Continue reading "Spanish Grammar: Present Continuous, Past Simple, and Future Tense" »

Reported Speech: Direct vs. Indirect Style

Direct Style (enclosed in quotation marks) vs. Indirect Style (reported by us at a later time).

Verb Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Direct: “I write a letter” (Present Simple)
  Indirect: He said he wrote a letter (Past Simple)
• Direct: “I am writing a letter” (Present Continuous)
  Indirect: She said she was writing a letter (Past Continuous)
• Direct: “I have written a letter” (Present Perfect)
  Indirect: He said he had written a letter (Past Perfect)
• Direct: “I wrote a letter” (Past Simple)
  Indirect: She said she had written a letter (Past Perfect)
• Direct: “I was writing a letter” (Past Continuous)
  Indirect: He said he had been writing a letter (Past Perfect Continuous)
• Direct: “I’ll write

Present Simple: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + Verb (add -s/-es for third person singular)
• Negative: Subject + do not/don't + base verb / He/She/It + does not/doesn't + base verb
• Interrogative: Do + Subject + base verb? / Does + He/She/It + base verb?

Uses

• Habitual actions (e.g., always, usually, often, hardly ever, seldom, never, twice a week, every month). Example: I have a shower every morning.
• Personal information, facts, and general truths.

Present Continuous: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing
• Negative: Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb + -ing
• Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb + -ing?

Uses

• Actions happening now or around now.
• Future plans (e.g., now, tomorrow, tonight, this evening, this week,

Understanding Science: Branches, Methods, and Philosophy

Science is one of the most important products of human consciousness. With science, we have been able to understand many of the mysteries of the universe, the world, and human beings themselves. It is also the basis for the transformation and modification of the environment.

Branches of Science

The world of science is broadly categorized into different branches:

• Formal Sciences: These do not have an empirical basis and work with formal entities, such as mathematics or logic. They extract information from existing information.
• Empirical Sciences: In contrast, these sciences use experimentation.
  • Natural Sciences: Refer to phenomena, things, and events in nature, for example, physics, chemistry,