Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Understanding Semantics: Key Concepts

Here's a breakdown of essential semantic terms:

• Meaningful: A sequence of phonemes or letters received by the speaker.
• Meaning: A psychic image associated with a particular signifier.
• Semantic: The discipline that deals with the meaning of signs, words, and sentences.
• Linguistic Context: The words surrounding a particular word.
• Extralinguistic Context: The situation in which a word is pronounced.
• Sema: Each basic feature that breaks down the meaning of a word.
• Semantic Field: Words associated together because they belong to the same grammatical category and share part of their meaning. Defined by the seme.

Semantic Field Types

• Closed Field: Fixed.
• Open Field: Not fixed.

• Denotation: The objective meaning common to all

Party Democracy

Duverger, in Political Parties, discussed the position of modern political parties between representatives and their constituency. He argued that the classical theory of representation never corresponded to reality. He interpreted the classical theory as an ingenious mechanism whose purpose was the transfer of national sovereignty, officially proclaimed as the real sovereignty of Parliament.

The post-Schumpeterian perception of political representation doubted that representation could be more than a mechanism for choosing the government. Thus, sociological representation, the similarity between the political views of the nation and Parliament, seems a mystery. Sociological representation seems like the relationship between a... Continue reading "Party Democracy: Political Parties and Representation" »

Media Saturation: Drill in Media and Entertainment

Life is a simulation influenced by media saturation and the inflation of media discourses within transnational capitalism. The proliferation of media companies subjects individuals to the media as the primary means of participating in public life. Events often feel beyond our control, compelling us to engage with media discourses that simplify reality.

We often mistake this simplification for reality, unaware that we are living in a simulation. The pervasive influence of media leads us to believe that everything presented is real, blurring the lines between authenticity and fabrication. Our social lives are increasingly shaped by media portrayals of social reality. The perception of reality... Continue reading "Media Saturation: Navigating Simulation and Spectacle" »

Instruments for Environmental Management

Legal Measures

Each nation has its own laws, but each state is responsible for enforcing those laws to the EU.

Financial Aid

The EU provides aid to EU countries, such as:

• Soft loans: To encourage companies to reduce their environmental impact.
• Cohesion Fund: Financially encourages the construction of structures to improve the environment.
• Programs of Action: Supporting scientific research and technological development.

Fiscal Measures

There are two types:

1. Tax reduction.
2. Tariff reduction.

Planning

Planning is devoted to rationally using land for the most appropriate activity in each area. This can be done by assessing the land's capacity.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

A process analysis aimed at identifying,... Continue reading "Environmental Management Tools and Regulatory Frameworks" »

Genesis of Karl Marx's Early Thought (1840-1848)

We must first consider some general aspects that determined the genesis of Karl Marx's thought, especially in the period between 1840 and 1848.

Historical and Socio-Economic Context

From a political point of view, this period included the conservative position supported by King Frederick William IV of Prussia and the diffusion of liberal ideas in Germany, a consequence of French influence. All this, coupled with the lack of a working class capable of mobilization against the constant political conservatism, led writers and historians to argue for revolutionary ideas. Amidst this exchange of ideas, from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, Europe witnessed a series of revolutionary... Continue reading "Karl Marx's Early Thought: Genesis and Influences (1840-1848)" »

Spanish 19th Century History: Key Events and Concepts (Part 1)

Activities of the First Review

1. The Liberal Concept of National Sovereignty

   Explain the liberal concept of national sovereignty, which resides in the people and is the source of all powers.

2. Inspiration for the Cortes of Cádiz

   What revolutionary movement inspired the members of the Cortes of Cádiz and why? The French Revolution, because it was the first to establish the separation of powers.

3. Meaning of Article 1 of the Constitution of Cádiz

   Explain the meaning of Article 1 of the Constitution of Cádiz: It defines as Spanish both those living in the peninsula and those living in America. This encompassed all citizens without distinction between the Spanish of the two hemispheres.

Images

Karl Marx: Understanding Human Nature and Society

Alienation in Capitalist Society

For Marx, humans actualize themselves throughout history by transforming society and nature. Therefore, humans are above all active, practical beings, since labor is their main activity. Work puts humans in relation with nature and with other people. Nature appears as the "inorganic body of man." Humans are also built by society through work and in relationship with others.

Marx focuses on the alienation of the worker in capitalist society. It is at work where a person should be emphasized as a human. But under the conditions of salaried work, quite the opposite occurs: what is produced is an alienated person:

• With respect to the product of their work, that they

The Spanish Constitution of 1978

The Constitution of 1978 is the legal framework of democracy and the rule of law in Spain. It was the result of the Constituent Cortes elections held in 1977, which were aimed specifically at drafting the constitution. The democratic proposals of the *Junta Democrática* sought to achieve the constitution through these elections.

The Drafting Committee and Consensus

The Prime Minister, Adolfo Suárez, chose a parliamentary committee (often referred to as the "Seven Fathers of the Constitution"). The committee members represented various political groups:

• UCD: 3 members (Cisneros, Llorca, Herrero Rodríguez de Miñón)
• AP (Alianza Popular): 1 member
• PSOE: 1 member (Peces-Barba)
• PCE: 1 member (Jordi Solé Tura)
• CIU: 1

Defining Organizational Structures

What is an Organization?

An organization can be defined in two primary ways:

1. A social system composed of individuals or groups, utilizing resources, developing a system, and coordinating international efforts to achieve a common goal within a context where they establish a reciprocal influence.
2. A human group composed of specialists working together on a common task. Unlike society, community, or family, an organization is purposely designed and is not based solely on the psychological nature or biological needs of humans. However, as human creations, they are subject to lasting, perhaps forever, or existing only for a considered period.

Membership and Requirements

Not everyone can join a given organization. Each... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Organizational Structure and Business Classification" »

Flow lexicon.

Is the set of words that a language offers its speakers.

Words heritage.

It's that, from Vulgar Latin, have evolved over the centuries in popular usage (now ).

Cultism.

Words of Latin or Greek origin eventually incorporated into Castilian by speakers familiar with those classics. Its phonetic connection to the Latin word origin is greater than the words property (verdict ).

Doublets.

Are the cases where, from the same Latin base, attend one word equity and other types of cultism:

Loanwords.

These are the words of other languages that have been incorporated into Castilian. According to the source language, we call

Tracings.

They are adaptations of foreign words translated its entirety formants: basketball (English basket-ball).

Onomatopoeia.