Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Fundamental Factors Affecting Soybean and Corn

Modified fundamentals affect soybean and corn. Originally from the USA, they currently cover 8% of the cultivated area in the world. They spread to developed countries with serious and uncertain social and health consequences. The largest producers are the USA, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and China.

Implications

• Environmental: Loss of biodiversity, deforestation.
• Health: Uncertain global consequences.
• Economic: Dependence on purchasing seeds and herbicides from multinationals, impoverishment of small farmers.

Emerging Spaces (Characterization and Delimitation)

• High global importance (share of GDP): The majority are within the top 20 of the world's largest economies.
• Rapid industrialization.
• Increasing participation

Family's Educational Role

Conditions for effective family education:

• Relationships built on affection, respect, and recognized authority.
• Consistent guidance throughout the learner's development, reinforcing educational goals.
• Regular interaction providing opportunities for education and positive role modeling.
• Social recognition validating the family's efforts to instill values and utilize reinforcements and penalties, without negatively impacting emotional bonds.

Educational Goals Within the Family

• Socialization into a specific cultural context (language, customs, habits, interpersonal relationships).
• Guidance on general life aspects: religious, moral, ideological, professional.
• Gender role identification.
• Development of self-awareness and self-discipline.

The Foundations of Economic Liberalism

Economic liberalism is an economic theory that emerged during the Enlightenment, primarily formulated by influential thinkers such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. It advocates for minimal government interference in the economy, asserting that economic freedom and free enterprise are crucial for societal progress.

Proponents believe that these principles foster a more egalitarian society and lead to an indefinite increase in prosperity, thereby preventing national decline. A core concept is the idea of a spontaneous order generated by the 'invisible hand,' which guides individuals pursuing their self-interest to collectively benefit society.

This philosophy is often summarized by the French phrase Laissez

18th Century Europe: Enlightenment & Despotism

The 18th century saw a unique political framework emerge in European monarchies: Enlightened Despotism. Kings sought to reconcile the maintenance of absolute power with the promotion of social and cultural improvements for their subjects. Enlightened thinkers, while directing their criticism towards religion and cultural traditions they considered superstitious, generally avoided direct political criticism of the monarchical system itself.

Frederick the Great & Kant's Enlightenment Views

One of the most important rulers of this era was Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great. He demonstrated significant intellectual gifts and governmental prowess, maintaining contacts with prominent... Continue reading "18th Century Revolutions & Enlightenment: Kant's Perspective" »

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13julB(tabl)2-3/FTF/a.... Continue reading "Data Analysis and Categorization: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Quine's Radical Translation and the Indeterminacy Thesis

What is Quine's Radical Translation Experiment?

Quine advocates for a radical empiricism, incompatible with the idea of knowledge independent of experience and a qualitative separation between science and philosophy. This concept, combined with a strict behavioral methodology in language research, forms the basis of his hostility towards the intuitive concept of meaning and related concepts (synonymy, etc.).

In support of his skepticism toward notions of meaning and synonymy, Quine discusses the concept of translation because the meaning of a linguistic expression is what a translation into another language is or is not correct. That is, a linguistic expression is a good translation of another... Continue reading "Quine's Radical Translation and Indeterminacy Thesis" »

Laissez-faire Leadership Style

Characteristics:

• Exhibits little or too much confidence in group members.
• Goals are unclear, leading to difficulty in decision-making.
• Does not motivate or stimulate the team.
• Abandons or does not assume responsibilities.
• Considers leadership as merely letting go, believing that group interaction will naturally lead to creative results.

Outcomes:

• Lack of group cohesion.
• Instability and high tension.
• Low cooperation and performance levels.
• Lack of work ethic.
• Anxiety from being unable to create expectations.
• Uncontrolled discussions.

Democratic Leadership Style

Characteristics:

• Stimulates and guides participation.
• Nourishes group members and serves the group based on its rules.
• Shares approaches and both positive and negative norms.

Identifying Globalization Definitions

Globalization allows connecting people worldwide, which allows the dissemination of all information. Different elements:

• It is a socio-cultural phenomenon made possible by technological advances.
• Relates to the opening of the economy and borders.
• Multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend nations.

IMF Definition of Globalization

According to the IMF, globalization increases interdependence among countries. This leads to significant competition between firms in different places competing for the same market but in different ways. This results in people having great proposals but in different places and cultures.

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Globalization Analysis

The

Key Events of the Late Franco Regime

Council of War Burgos (1970)

The court-martial of Burgos, with the prosecution's request for 9 death sentences against 16 militants of ETA, caused a storm of international protest.

CCOO (1964)

The CCOO was born as an independent, democratic, and unitary movement, boosting the labor and political struggle.

Munich Conspiracy (1962)

The Fourth Congress of the European Federalist Movement, held in Munich in 1962, brought together Spanish opposition in exile and those from within Spain. Munich called for the end of the regime and the transition to a democratic Spain.

Polisario Front (1973)

A nationalist movement with socialist tendencies, the Polisario Front advocated for Saharawi independence.

General Education Act of

Functions of the European Parliament

Legislative Role

Parliament participates alongside the Council in the legislative process. The standard procedure for approving legislation is codecision, where Parliament and the Council are on equal footing and adopt standards using this procedure. Parliament has limited powers in drafting legislation.

Budgetary Function

This function gives Parliament significant power because it can modify and change the spending approved by the Council. Parliament must approve the EU budget jointly with the Council and may make modifications. Parliament's budgetary control committee monitors how the budget is spent.

Democratic Role

Parliament exercises a supervisory role over the Commission. When appointing a new Commission,... Continue reading "Understanding the EU: Parliament, Council, and Commission" »