Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Communism

Communism is a political and economic system.It’s defined as a system of government in which resources – such as mines, factories and farms – are owned by the whole population.Wealth is divided among citizens equally.Labor isshared equally as well.In this essay, we will focus on why the concept of Communism gained such popularity between different political parties across the world.

      The idea of modern communism originated from the industrial revolution in Great Britain and French revolution in France. For most of the 20^thCentury, communism was a major force in world politics.  About one-third of the world’s population lived under communist governments.  Because communist is anti-individualism, people under it... Continue reading "Concept of education" »

The Intertwined Relationship Between Language and Identity

It is widely accepted that language significantly shapes our identity. The role of language within the broader social context is crucial, particularly as a symbolic attachment that reinforces identity. Furthermore, identity is undeniably linked to ethnicity, which can be understood as a sense of group belonging derived from shared bonds like language, race, or religion. While this definition may seem abstract, ethnicity can be clarified by examining its specific characteristics.

The Significance of Ethnic Group Boundaries

We are all members of an ethnic group (ethnos - nation), although dominant groups often do not identify themselves as such. Boundaries between groups are paramount, as... Continue reading "Language's Role in Shaping Ethnic Identity" »

Marxist Theory

Human beings are trying to cover basic need, biological necessities. Men are compelled to produce those things. Life from a Marxist point of view is the process where human beings first make products to satisfy their needs, and secondly make themselves making products. Marx defines us as workers. We express ourselves in labor, working. When the product of workers' labor belongs to other people, the workers' humanity is stolen or abducted. In private property, his product is separated from workers, he looks himself alienated. In human history, human life has had:

1. Material needs and scarcity poverty
2. Alienation

He is following Feuerbach to establish his idea of original religion, is the fact that human beings live with basic necessities,... Continue reading "Marxist Theory and Post-Marxist Perspectives on Society" »

What does Chapter VIII of the UN Charter outline?

Chapter VIII regards regional arrangements authorizing regional organizations such as the EU or Arab League and stating that disputes can be settled first through such regional organizations. However, the use of force can only be done through the Security Council.

Compare non-governmental organizations to intergovernmental organizations by listing their main characteristics.

NGOs are private voluntary organizations, the members are individuals or associations, they advocate a particular issue or provide a service, and they are subject to the domestic law of their country. Intergovernmental Organizations are formed by at least 3 members, have activities in several states, they are created through... Continue reading "Chapter VIII of the UN Charter: Regional Arrangements and Dispute Settlement" »

1. Semantics: Semantics is the study of decontextualized meaning communicated through language. It concentrates on words, phrases, and sentences.

Three main challenges in semantics are circularity, context, and the status of linguistic knowledge.

2. Semiotics: Semiotics is the study of the use of sign systems. Ferdinand de Saussure is one of the most important semioticians.

3. Icon, Index, and Symbol: C. S. Peirce made a basic distinction between icon, index, and symbol.

• An icon is where there is a similarity between a sign and what it represents; a photograph is a good example as it resembles whatever it depicts.
• An index is when the sign is closely associated with a signified, often in a causal relationship; thus, smoke is an index of fire.
• A symbol

Transcendentalism: An Overview

Transcendentalism emerged as a significant religious, philosophical, and literary movement in New England during the 1830s, reaching its peak in the 1840s and 1850s. Although key figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Amos Bronson Alcott lived well into the 1880s, the movement's initial energy declined around 1860.

Transcendentalism encompassed complex and often mystical ideas that defied easy categorization. Even within the movement, there were significant differences in focus and interpretation among its adherents.

Defining Transcendentalism

Henry David Thoreau, a prominent Transcendentalist, highlighted the difficulty of defining the movement in his journal entry on March 5, 1853. He noted that Transcendentalism... Continue reading "Understanding Transcendentalism: History, Beliefs, and Key Figures" »

Communism

A political theory advocating class war and leading to a society In which all property is publicity owned and each person works and is paid According to their abilities and needs, all people are equal (very harsh Laws/rules)

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population or all the Eligible members of a state, typical through representatives; control of an Organization or group by the majority of its members.

Monarchy

A form of government with a monarch at the head; has unlimited power.

Dictatorship

Government by a dictator (a ruler with total power over a Country, typically one who had obtained power by force.

Oligarchy

A small group of people having control of a country, Organization, or institution, a small group exercises control... Continue reading "Civcs" »

Discourse Analysis

The Study of Discourse

Discourse can be described as a form of verbal interaction encompassing three main dimensions: language use, communication of beliefs (cognition), and interaction in social situations. Discourse studies provide systematic descriptions of these dimensions and formulate theories explaining their relationships. These studies also examine the properties of text and talk within their respective contexts.

Challenges in Discourse Studies

• Ambiguity of the definition: Differentiating between the abstract and specific uses of "discourse" is crucial.
• Delimiting discourses sometimes requires theoretical notions and considerations of the communicative context.

Discourse as Social Action and Interaction

Discourse can... Continue reading "Discourse Analysis: Language, Cognition, and Society" »