Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Sabino Arana and the Birth of Basque Nationalism

This foundational text on nationalist ideas was likely penned by Sabino Arana, or by someone equally audacious. It was published in 1894, during the Spanish Restoration period, and stands as a primary source document, intended for all citizens.

Context: Spain in 1894

Political Landscape & Colonial Issues

Politically, the period was marked by the nascent problems with Spain's colonies. As part of the Restoration era, the political system had already seen several shifts in power. Spain's international relations were largely defined by its colonial empire.

Economic Stagnation & Industrial Growth

Economically, Spain remained largely agricultural, characterized by backwardness due to the persistence... Continue reading "Sabino Arana and Basque Nationalism's Dawn" »

Introduction to the 1896 Labor Document

This text details the concerns and protests of workers against mandatory barracks living and canteen purchases. While the author is not explicitly named, it is widely attributed to a leader of the socialist party, UGT. Written in 1896, this document is considered a primary source of significant historical importance.

Historical Context of Late 19th Century Spain

At the time of this document's creation, Spain was undergoing a period of Restoration. Economically, agriculture held significant importance, contributing to a degree of national backwardness due to adherence to traditional practices. Concurrently, the nation was beginning its process of industrialization.

Economic Legislation and Worker Associations

Regarding... Continue reading "Workers' Rights and Labor Protests in 1896 Spain" »

Categories of Countries Receiving Special Attention

• Least Developed Countries (47 countries)
• Landlocked Developing Countries (32 countries)
• Small Island Developing States

Commissions

• Trade and Development Commission
• Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission
• Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD)

The International Labor Organization (ILO)

The ILO is devoted to promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. It was established in 1919 and became the first specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. It has 187 members.

Key Issues

• Youth employment
• Social protection
• Decent work and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Strategic Objectives

• Promote and realize standards and rights at work.

NORMS AFFECTING TRANSLATION: According to Toury Preliminary norms (which includes translation policy and directness of translation) Operational norms (Matricial norms, Textual-linguistic norms).

Teleworking, also known as remote work, has become more relevant in recent years due to the accelerated digital transformation that the world of work has experienced. This modality of work refers to the possibility of carrying out tasks from any place that has Internet access, allowing employees to have more flexibility in terms of hours and geographic location.

Among the benefits of teleworking are the reduction of costs for the company in terms of infrastructure and services, the reduction of travel time for employees, the possibility of working with professionals from anywhere in the world and the improvement of the reconciliation between work and personal life. Additionally, it can be a viable option for people with disabilities or travel... Continue reading "How do computers affect the way people work spend free time?" »

Chartism Movement (1838-1848)

Between 1838 and 1848, the British labor movement engaged in political action through Chartism. This movement in England sought to pressure Parliament by collecting signatures in support of certain letters which claimed specific rights. In one of these, in 1838, a democratic program based on universal male suffrage was defined. Chartism organized strikes, but the movement failed because of repression, internal divisions, and the defeat of the revolution of 1848 in Europe.

Workers met in republican and leftist organizations in favor of universal male suffrage. After that revolution, socialist doctrines began to create class parties, exclusively for workers.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialism is a term that designates... Continue reading "British Chartism and Utopian Socialists" »

Introduction

This study examines the origins and development of new technologies, exploring their impact on both businesses and society.

Origin of New Technologies

The technological boom of the 1990s, marked by the birth of the internet and the end of the Cold War, laid the foundation for the rapid advancement of new technologies. This period ushered in an era of globalization, with economies worldwide striving for technological and economic progress. The emergence of advanced computers with operating systems like Windows NT, 95, 98, XP, and iOS revolutionized business operations by streamlining administrative processes.

Effects of New Technologies on Society

Technological advancements have significantly impacted society, particularly in the realm... Continue reading "Impact of New Technologies on Business and Society" »

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »

In the 19th century, reaction movements began to emerge against the foundations of the classical school of economics. The Historical School developed in Germany between 1834 and 1883, extending its influence across Europe and the USA.

Branches of the Historical School

Within this school, two distinct currents are usually identified: the "Old Historical School" and the "Modern Historical School." Some of the common features shared by both currents include:

• The defense of the historical inductive method.
• The view of the State as a driver of development, proposing its intervention in favor of the weakest members of society.

Key Representatives of the Historical School

The Old Historical School

The principal representatives of the "Old Historical School"... Continue reading "19th Century Economic Thought: Historical School and Early Socialism" »

Understanding Modern Crime Trends

Crime is an everyday problem for citizens, causing widespread insecurity and distress. Many types of crimes exist, including kidnapping, murder, smuggling, forgery, arson, and carjacking.

Economic Factors and Rising Crime Rates

In my country, the current challenging economic situation, marked by unemployment, social exclusion, and poverty, has led to a significant increase in crimes like shoplifting, burglaries, and drug dealing.

Murder in Spain: The Domestic Violence Link

While murders are not common in Spain, a primary cause is often domestic violence.

Criminal Justice and Sentencing

Regarding the punishment of criminals, I believe offenders must serve their sentences fully and atone completely for their actions.... Continue reading "Crime: An Everyday Societal Challenge" »