Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Post-War Catalan Culture

The Spanish Civil War was a crisis for Catalan culture, initiating a process of 'espanyolitzacio' (Spanish assimilation). Culture developed in three main areas:

• Public culture: Aimed at reaching people within the allowed framework.
• Underground culture: Practiced privately, often at home.
• Culture of exile: Developed by Catalans living abroad.

The goals were to preserve the language and institutions, restore social and cultural prestige, revive cultural contacts, group disoriented individuals, and avoid ideological and linguistic capitulation.

The Writers' Dilemma

The disorientation of Catalan intellectuals after the war and the disappearance of significant figures, coupled with a decrease in readership due to repression, led... Continue reading "Catalan Culture and Literature After the Spanish Civil War" »

Imperialism, particularly in the last third of the nineteenth century during the Second Industrial Revolution, saw major European powers leverage their superior technical and economic capabilities to create vast colonial empires. These empires were established by colonizing territories such as Africa and Asia, which often had very weak economic and political structures.

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic Causes

  European nations sought new markets to invest capital and to extract raw materials as cheaply as possible.

• Demographic Causes

  Growing populations in Europe had trouble finding work. Colonialism offered Europeans the possibility to emigrate and improve their life and work prospects.

• Political Causes

  The Great Powers entered a competition to control

Quality Principles of a Project (PDS Aragonesa)

Model of shared education and participation of individuals and groups involved. Development of an interdisciplinary team. Training of agents for context analysis, planning, methodology, evaluation, and education.

Stages of Intervention Planning (Community Program for PDS)

1. Identification of priority problems.
2. Setting general and specific objectives.
3. Identification of activities to achieve objectives.
4. Forecasting resource requirements.
5. Setting operational objectives.
6. Commissioning.
7. Evaluation of program progress.

Pineaut

Current Community Situation

Community Activities

Traditionally directed to schools, workplaces, and identified population groups (elderly, youth, women). New challenges in Europe include aging,... Continue reading "Quality Principles & Community Programs: PDS Aragonesa Model" »

Historical Context

Historical Context: After the Civil War ended, General Franco established a dictatorship that abolished basic freedoms and suppressed workers' demands, autonomy, etc. Franco's dictatorship was supported by the Army, the Falange, and the Church, who provided its legitimacy. The internal transformation of Spanish society and international circumstances forced him to go through different phases:

• Autarky (1940-1955, approximately): During these years, the Franco regime was isolated from the outside and was absent from international institutions. The interior policy was harshly repressive. During the war, Spain remained outside the economic, social, cultural, and technological development of previous decades.
• Opening (1955-1970,

Marx's Historical Materialism

According to Marxist doctrine, scientific and philosophical theories must be within the field of praxis (practice). Marx claims that it is high time that philosophers no longer simply observe the world but engage in transforming it. Consequently, he tried to develop his theory of knowledge. This should not be considered as such in a strict sense, not to be an epistemology on its slopes. Instead, it gathers conceptual elements for a Marxist critique of ideology, conceived as systematic ways to create false consciousness of reality.

Marx believed that the knowledge that every human being has of social and historical reality is determined by their economic status. This led Marx to affirm that it is reality that determines... Continue reading "Marx's Historical Materialism: Class Struggle & Revolution" »

Cooperation and Aggression in Human Nature

Aggression and Violence: Elements inherent to human nature? Thomas Hobbes believed that man is essentially selfish, seeking only his own benefit. According to Hobbes, competition and rivalry are natural among men, while cooperation and solidarity arise later.

Sociological Darwinism

This theory posits that just as individuals and species evolve, so do societies. One of the various mechanisms that promote this progress is the struggle for survival. Thus, conflict is seen as an essential mechanism for human progress.

External Factors Influencing Behavior

This perspective suggests that violence and conflict in social life are not inherent in human nature. Humans are not inherently aggressive and competitive,... Continue reading "Human Nature: Socialization, Cooperation, and Conflict" »

Spanish Literature in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment

In the 18th century, European thought underwent a major change, initially in more advanced nations like England and France, and later in other countries. The sense of security that had existed in many aspects of human thought in previous centuries began to disappear.

The bourgeoisie began to dominate as a social class, disputing the political power of the nobility. With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the spread of the Enlightenment. This movement rejected ideological, political, and religious dogma. Opposed to the principle of authority that existed before, it now only supported conclusions reached through free human reason.

By mid-century, the Encyclopedia, led by Diderot and d'Alembert,... Continue reading "Spanish Literature in the 18th Century: Enlightenment to Pre-Romanticism" »

1970s Educational Landscape

The 1970s are known for the General Education Act of 1970 and its new teaching guidelines. The ministerial order of 1970 introduced these "New Teaching Guidelines," which echoed international trends. At the classroom practice level, a series of "pedagogical fads" emerged, with four major ideational cores spreading among the most active teaching staff:

• Globalization
• Environmental Research
• The Corporeal in School (Physicality in Education)
• Piagetian Psychology

As the decade progressed, teaching was conceived in two primary ways: traditional teaching and active teaching.

Traditional Teaching

Traditional teaching emphasized discipline and autonomous treatment with a fixed time for each subject area. It relied on textbook material... Continue reading "1970s Teaching: Pedagogical Shifts & Core Dimensions" »

Didactics

Didactics is the layering of teaching that guides students through the knowledge possessed by the teacher. So that art students have more learning, professional resources are used. It is based on psychology, sociology, anthropology, epistemology, and pedagogy.

Contents

• Concept: (definition, facts, data)
• Procedural: (heuristics, discovery)
• Attitudinal: (values, norms, attitudes)

Competence

Competence is the equilibrium achieved by integrating capabilities, skills, and people skills.

Behaviorist Theory

Behaviorist theory emphasizes observation and measurement. Its application is given a stimulus and response elaboration. The child is seen as a machine. In the educational process, the curriculum is closed and compulsory for all.

Objectives

They... Continue reading "Effective Teaching Methods and Educational Theories" »

Spanish Essay in the Early Twentieth Century

Writers of the Century

The Spanish writers of the century appear immersed in a general crisis, which in Spain coincides with the decline of the political system of restoration, based on the chieftaincy and the alternation of parties. The authors proposed solutions to the problems of Spain related to the search for a national cultural identity in the service of a liberal project. These authors developed an extensive body of literature, in many cases published in the press, which presented their views. These writings will contribute to the modern test setup, in which critical thinking is attached to subjectivity, autobiographical elements. The most prominent essayists:

• Miguel de Unamuno: His essays operate