Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Catalan Modernism (1892-1911)

Modernism was a cultural renewal movement that aimed to transform Catalan culture into a modern, national, and European culture. It ensured that art was present in all artistic fields. It was a cultural movement with a Romantic character, produced in the West at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

Key Authors and Works

Santiago Rusiñol (1861-1931)

Santiago Rusiñol, a typical Bohemian figure, was also a Modernist painter. He was above the bourgeoisie, educated, and traveled to Paris. L'Auca del Senyor Esteve presents the case of Mr. Esteve, a bourgeois man with a familiar labor market. His child wants to be an artist, creating a father-son conflict. However, when Esteve is about to die, he acknowledges... Continue reading "Catalan Modernism: Authors, Works and Trends" »

The Theory of Evolution

It is now believed that all different lifestyles evolved from a common ancestor. The main idea of Darwin's theory was that change materialized in the morphological variation of species. These changes were slow and gradual. The process responsible for this evolution is natural selection.

Neodarwinism: Its central tenets are that variability is due to chance, mutation, and genetic recombination. Evolution takes place not on individuals but on the population.

Technology and Technoscience

Technique: A way of knowing is applied to the resolution of a practical matter. The systematic organization of practical knowledge is the basis of technology.

Technoscience: Science presents new challenges to be met. In this way, technology... Continue reading "Evolution, Science, and Technology: A Historical Journey" »

The Global Reach of Spanish

The reach of the Spanish language is vast, with the majority of speakers concentrated in Spain and the countries of Central and South America, excluding Brazil, where Portuguese is spoken. Additionally, there are single-state areas where Spanish is the primary language.

In areas formerly under Spanish rule, such as the Philippines, Western Sahara, Morocco, and Equatorial Guinea, Spanish remains influential. Judeo-Spanish, a 15th-century form of Spanish, is spoken in Israel.

While Spanish may be a third language for some, it is widely studied as a second language. The Cervantes Institute promotes the international diffusion of Spanish.

The Spanish of the Americas

We generically refer to the Spanish of the Americas as the... Continue reading "Spanish Language in the Americas: History and Influences" »

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

Historical Context

From a historiographic perspective, the contemporary period encompasses the 19th and 20th centuries. The 19th century, a period of significant upheaval, has been called the "century of revolutions," including those of 1830, 1848, and 1871. Karl Marx, a key figure of this era, emerged as a revolutionary thinker. The proletariat's misery fueled successive revolutions, generally inspired by liberal, democratic, anarchist, and socialist ideas.

Two crucial events marked the century: the French Revolution and the Napoleonic conquests. French utopian socialism, largely theoretical with limited practical political influence, was critiqued by Marx and Engels for its non-revolutionary character.... Continue reading "Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis" »

Sociology and Education: Key Concepts

1. Sociology and Examples in the Field: Sociology considers how professors in the current school or educational system can possibly transmit the knowledge of democracy.

2. Sociological Perspective, According to Berger: Berger defines sociology as the attempt to understand society in a scientific manner, according to clearly defined rules. Education is constituted by the stretch of meanings and expectations that enable people to mutually orient their actions, move, and interact with each other.

3. Different Parts of Society that Interact in the Educational System: There are three parts: 1) an introductory part, 2) the study of the interaction between the educational system and subsystems, and social structure... Continue reading "Sociology of Education: Key Concepts and Spanish System" »

Early Life and Education

Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany. After graduating from high school, he enrolled at the University of Bonn and later in Berlin, initially pursuing law but shifting his focus to history and philosophy. In 1843, Marx moved to Paris to edit a radical journal. There, in 1844, he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. A year later, Marx was expelled from France and relocated to Brussels.

The Communist League and the *Communist Manifesto*

In 1847, Marx and Engels joined the secret society known as the Communist League. They were entrusted with drafting the *Manifesto of the Communist Party*, a seminal work outlining their revolutionary ideas. In 1848, Marx was expelled from Belgium and... Continue reading "Karl Marx: Life, Philosophy, and Critique of Capitalism" »

Reformist Biennium (1931-1933)

The government, headed by Manuel Azaña and the Republican coalition made up of socialists, initiated political reforms aimed at transforming the state and decentralizing power. The Catalan Autonomous Government and Parliament, known as the Generalitat, were approved. Projects for autonomous statutes were also developed for the Basque Country, Galicia, and Andalusia, but they were not approved.

• Social Transformation: Efforts were made to improve the working conditions of workers. Key decisions included establishing a 40-hour work week, creating social insurance, and increasing rent.
• Agricultural Transformation: The goal was to distribute land more fairly. The Agricultural Reform Act was approved, allowing for the

Ancient Education: A Comparative Study

Greek Educational Models

Athens

During the Homeric period, physical prowess was highly valued. The Golden Age shifted the focus to cultivating good citizens. Sophists emerged, emphasizing rhetoric and mayeutics. Mayeutics, a method of systematic questioning, aimed to guide individuals towards truth and understanding.

• Assumption: The questioner assumes the person being questioned does not know.
• Process: Systematic questioning leads to definition and conclusion.

Women's education was primarily domestic, overseen by mothers or male family educators.

Physical education included activities like wrestling, running, discus throwing, and javelin throwing.

Sparta

In Sparta, the state controlled the educational process,... Continue reading "Ancient Education: Models, Philosophies, and Evolution" »

Sparta's Rise to Power

Located in the southern Peloponnese region of Greece, Sparta emerged from the union of several towns during Dorian migrations around the 10th century BC. The fertile Eurotas River plain contributed to their prosperity. Spartans eventually dominated Laconia, expanding their control over neighboring Messenia. The conquered Messenians became helots, a subjugated population.

Social Structure

Spartan society was stratified into three main classes:

• Spartiates: The ruling warrior class.
• Perioeci: Inhabitants of surrounding areas who enjoyed some autonomy and served in the army but lacked political rights.
• Helots: The enslaved population who worked the land.

The Spartans addressed population growth by territorial expansion. Their... Continue reading "Spartan Society: Structure, Education, and Institutions" »

Understanding Linguistic Registers

Our way of speaking depends on the communicative situation. The set of linguistic particularities a speaker chooses to adapt to the situation defines a type of language variety called a register. It is an index of the speaker's communicative competence.

Classes of Registers

Registers vary in formality, ranging from formal to informal. Formality is expressed in the speaker's concern for the form of the message. Registers can be planned or unplanned (spontaneous). Between these two extremes, there are many intermediate registers, for example:

• Intimate: Family and friends
• Friendly: Among neighbors and coworkers
• Neutral: Encounters with strangers
• High: Lectures, exams
• Ritual: Ceremonies

Factors Influencing Register Selection

Register... Continue reading "Understanding Linguistic Registers: Formal and Informal Language" »