Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Item 8: Written Communication DCA II. Expression Reader

What is Writing?

Writing is the ability to consistently communicate in written form, producing texts of considerable length on topics of general culture. It involves expressing thoughts on a blank sheet without typos, quickly, and without extensive revisions.

What Must We Teach Students to Learn to Write? What Must They Master?

What reasoning must be employed in school for students to learn and master written language?

The list of microskills necessary for writing is extensive and covers many issues. These range from the mechanical and motor aspects of letter strokes, calligraphy, and presentation to the more reflective processes of selecting and managing information.

It should also include... Continue reading "Effective Written Communication: Mastering the Art of Writing" »

Scientific and Technical Texts

Scientific Texts: Refer to general and abstract knowledge about a subject.

Technical Texts: Refer to applications of knowledge.

Characteristics

• Specialized topics
• Specific purposes (or communicative intention)
• High degree of formality
• Written channel
• Academic field of use and dissemination of publications
• Specific language

The Language of Scientific and Technical Texts

Pursuit of objectivity, cool and impersonal language: enunciative sentences, rejection of stylistic ornamentation, present tense, passive voice.

Precise and clear vocabulary: using univocal terms, rejection of ambiguity (symbols), words of Greek or Latin origin.

Lexicon of Scientific and Technical Training

Regular language mechanisms:

• Derivation: power of language
• Composition:

Crafting a Research Project Title

The project title is a minimal condensation of the project, expressed in a few words. It must clearly convey the core of the research. Here are some priorities to consider:

• Descriptively capture the object of research.
• Identify if the research is part of a larger project.
• Reference the proposed methodological perspective.

The title should provide a clear description of the object of inquiry. A longer, more specific title is preferable to a vague or overly general one. Colons can be used to shorten the title without losing essential information.

Beyond briefly describing the overall project, the title also differentiates it from other potential projects. It should highlight the project's originality, distinguishing... Continue reading "Crafting a Research Project: Title, Presentation, Annexes" »

Understanding Political Systems and the State

State: A form of political organization of a society in which we speak of a system or political regime.

Democratic State: Political power belongs to the people.

Universal Suffrage: The right to vote for women and all adult people of the world.

Constitution: A document that outlines the rights of citizens and regulates the political organization.

Division of Powers in a Democracy

It is the division of democracy by 3 points:

• Legislation: Makes the laws.
• Executive: Exercised by the government, applying the laws and political decisions.
• Justice: Judges and resolves disputes in accordance with the law.

Political Parties: An association of persons intended to represent politics in one country.

Types of Democracies

Government: The organs of the state, comprising the executive (president, vice presidents, ministers, and other comparable bodies). Voting rules include: 1) Majority rule—the party with the most votes forms the government; other policy options are excluded. These governments tend to be more stable. 2) Proportional representation—the government is formed according to each party's vote share, often requiring coalitions.

Parliament and Political Parties: Three ways to influence government decisions:

• As a legislative body, preparing, discussing, and approving laws.
• Controlling the executive branch's actions.
• Using parliamentary debates to shape public opinion on economic policy (note that some economic policy instruments, due to the element of

Access to Education and the Printing Press

Formerly, only certain privileged classes had access to education, culture, and knowledge. The circulation and distribution of hand-copied books were rather limited. After the invention of the printing press, literacy rates increased in most industrialized and developing countries. Through education, we could say we are more free. Universities and schools can be considered the backbone of education in our society today, although there are other spaces where knowledge is also provided.

The Rise of Distance Education

A few years ago, around the 1960s, what might be called the classic system was imposed. This involved a physical space, such as a college or university, where people (students) gathered, and... Continue reading "Evolution of Education: From Hand-Copied Books to Online Learning" »

Early 18th Century: Imported Fairy Tales

The early 18th century saw the import of fairy tales from France, mirroring the 19th-century trend with German tales. Louis XIV's court favored literary folk tales. Charles Perrault's collections, including Histories or Tales of Past Times (1729), introduced English readers to Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, and Cinderella.

Shifting Educational Goals

Children's reading objectives evolved from religious education to social education. By the 19th century, the focus shifted to social advancement through practical knowledge.

Key Changes in the 18th Century

Emphasis on Children's Education

The growing middle class recognized children's need for education and enjoyment.

Social Education

Adults prioritized a sheltered... Continue reading "Evolution of Children's Literature in the 18th Century" »

Socialist traditions aim to establish equality of material conditions. Socialists are especially concerned with freedom and believe responsibility lies in controlling the market. A market and individual freedom should align with actual conditions, addressing the absence of equality and the need for market intervention.

The goal of socialism involves controlling goods, means of economic production, and distribution. Property rights should be the responsibility of society and administered for the benefit of all. The State, therefore, should not be merely a guarantor of freedom but a representative of collective interests.

Social and Democratic State of Law

The social and democratic state of law, as seen in Spanish law, values freedom, justice, social... Continue reading "Understanding Socialism, Civil Society, and the State" »

Organization: A Key Phase in the Administrative Process

Defining Roles and Structure for Operational Success

Organization is the second phase of the administrative process. Through it, the system determines the division of labor and the structure necessary for its operation.

With its principles and tools, it establishes levels of authority and responsibility and defines the functions and duties of units, individuals, or groups of people.

Who will do what? How will they relate to others? By what authority? In what physical environment? The organization leads to the last detail what planning has pointed out regarding how a social organism should be.

Organization is continuous, as it is subject to constant change.

Benefits of Effective Organization

• Reduces

Production Perspectives

The production and distribution of goods and services involve multiple tasks and functions, requiring an organizational instrument to coordinate the whole process. This is the company's role. There are several perspectives on the production of these services.

Economic Overview

Production is a process that meets families' needs by developing products based on factors of production (natural resources, labor, capital) employed by companies.

Functional-Utilitarian Perspective

Production practices add value to things by making them more useful than they were before. For example, in manufacturing a shirt, the components are fabric and yarn. Converting these materials into a shirt requires productive activity, utilizing a specific... Continue reading "Production Perspectives: Economic, Functional, and Technical" »