Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

European Construction After the Second World War

In 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was created.

The European Economic Community

The Treaty of Rome, signed on March 25, 1957, established two key organizations central to the construction of Europe:

• The European Economic Community (EEC), commonly known as the Common Market.
• The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).

The Treaties of Rome set the objective of free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital throughout the territory of the member states.

The Treaty on European Union

On November 1, 1993, the Treaty on European Union (TEU), signed on February 7, 1992, in Maastricht, Netherlands, came into force. Approving the TEU, also known as the Maastricht Treaty, renamed... Continue reading "European Union Milestones: Treaties and Enlargement" »

State Debt

State debt is comprised of capital borrowed by the state, representing the financial liabilities they have with the private sector. It serves as an alternative to taxes for funding public spending. State debt can be purchased in the primary market (banks or boxes) or the secondary market (stock exchange). Key features include:

• It is not collected coercively and does not constitute consideration for goods and services provided.
• It is obtained through emissions allowed by law.
• The issuance of public debt takes the form of securities.
• The operation does not establish a permanent link between the Administration and lenders.

Social Security Financing

Resources for funding social security include:

• Contributions from the General State Budget.
• Contributions

Lobbying's Influence in the British Political System

The cultural context of British politics is a mixture of stability and change. The change is gradual and reflects the experiences of new generations. Young people participate in politics through new, unconventional channels, becoming more involved in a wide range of organized movements. Despite all the ups and downs experienced by this country (both world wars, economic decline, loss of empire, etc.), it continues to be a capitalist society governed by parliamentary institutions.

Lobbies and Their Influence

Lobbies in the British political system have a significant influence. Certain institutions, organizations, and associations are crucial when implementing policies or including certain matters... Continue reading "Lobbying in the UK: Influence on Politics and Policy" »

Theme 6: Social Policy and Employment

1. Introduction

2. Economy and Employment in Spain

Economy in the 1970s

2.1 Economy and Employment in Spain in the decade of the 70

Current Economy and Employment

2.2 Economy and Employment in Spain are now

Lisbon Treaty Impact

3. Social Policy and Employment in the Lisbon Treaty

Plan E: Economic Stimulation

4. Plan for the Stimulation of the Economy and Jobs (Plan E)

Public Employment Services

5. The Public Employment Services: The National Theme Sis of Employment

National System

5.1 The Public Employment System

Regional Services

5.2 The Public Employment Services of the CCAA

2009 Employment Measures

6. Act March 6, 2009 on Urgent Measures for the Maintenance and Employment Promotion and Protection of the Unemployed (Plan... Continue reading "Spanish Social Policy and Employment: Economy to Education" »

Heliocentric Theory

The heliocentric theory, illustrated in Andreas Cellarius's Harmonia Macrocosmica (1708), posits that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This concept, known as a heliocentric universe, gained prominence in the modern era through the work of Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.

Galileo, using simple distance measurements between the Earth and the Sun, recognized the Sun's significantly larger size compared to Earth. This observation echoed earlier suggestions by Aristarchus, who proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, challenging the prevailing geocentric theory of Ptolemy and Hipparchus. The geocentric model, deeply rooted in an anthropocentric worldview, held sway for centuries.

Over a millennium later,... Continue reading "Heliocentric Theory: Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe" »

The Government and Administration in Germany

The political system established in 1949 aimed to create a strong head of government, moving away from the executive bicameralism of the Weimar Republic and monarchical political structures. This resulted in a system where the Chancellor holds a prominent position, with a relationship of trust between the Government and Parliament being a key feature of the German political system.

The Government comprises the Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers. Parliamentary Secretaries of State, similar to the British cabinet, also support the ministries.

According to the Basic Law, the Bundestag elects the Chancellor without prior discussion, voting for the individual rather than a government program. The Chancellor... Continue reading "German Government and Administration: An Overview" »

1. Moral Conscience

Moral conscience refers to the human ability to discern and evaluate the rightness or wrongness of actions, both one's own and those of others. It guides individuals toward what they believe to be the correct course of action. Expressions like "My conscience is clear" highlight the significance attributed to this guiding capacity in our lives.

2. Freedom and Determinism

2.1 Definition and Types of Freedom

Freedom is the capacity to make independent choices about matters that affect us. There are various types of freedom:

• Physical Freedom: The ability to move freely. This is restricted for someone who is imprisoned.
• Political Freedom: The power of self-governance within political systems. In ancient Greece, slaves lacked political

Urban Planning and Land Management

A Technical Administrator is needed to carry out the plans, project implementation, and expropriation, requiring new administrative institutions with the power to change land ownership structures.

This arises partly because developer actions, whether public or private, generate profits on new farms. The intent is to balance the burdens and benefits of this action.

In short, public institutions regulate and ensure that the urbanization process results in housing with ideal conditions, now known as quality of life. The approach management techniques of the new administrative tools depend on the plan's intended use. Land may be expropriated as inherent, redistributed among owners, or equitably distributed among... Continue reading "Urban Planning: Expropriation, Land Management, and Quality of Life" »

The European Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Institutional Organization

• The European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) were created on January 1, 1998, under the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute annexed to the Treaty.
• The ESCB comprises the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all Member States of the European Union (EU).
• The NCBs of EU members that have not adopted the euro are part of the ESCB but do not participate in making monetary policy decisions regarding the euro area or in the execution of those decisions.
• For this reason, the term "Eurosystem" has been adopted to describe the mechanism by which the ECB and the NCBs of participating Member States play the roles of the