Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

The Enlightenment: A Cultural and Ideological Shift

The Enlightenment was a cultural and ideological movement that renewed deep thinking and mentality, particularly after the 18th century. It was defined by a desire to question established authority and emphasized the inductive method (observation and experimentation). This led to a separation of science and theology.

Key Characteristics:

• Rationalism: Knowledge is based on reason, promoting scientific and technical development.
• Utilitarianism: Scientific progress, knowledge, and social reforms should benefit the community.
• Progress: Belief in humanity's potential for indefinite material and spiritual advancement.
• Naturalism: Questioning absolute truths, emphasizing humanism and natural principles.

Strategies for Community Social Work

Projects between groups of immigrants often face challenges due to inadequate management of the host country's official language.

Promoting Social Inclusion Through Multidisciplinary Teams

Work in multidisciplinary teams to promote social inclusion. Setting concrete and achievable goals in key areas for greater social cohesion (education, work, health, leisure, sport, culture) requires collaboration from professionals in fields like social work, labor market training, and socio-cultural development.

Establishing Meeting Spaces for Debate and Discussion

Establish spaces for meetings, both virtual and physical, that allow for debate and discussion among participants. Schedule review meetings, monitoring, and evaluation... Continue reading "Community Social Work: Strategies for Immigrant Integration" »

Empiricism

English empiricism developed a strong polemic against rationalism, focusing on the existence of ideas and the discovery of truth through experience. While critiquing metaphysics, it's important not to see empiricism as simply contrary to reason. Instead, English empiricism aimed to determine the capabilities, limitations, and scope of reason itself, a program that culminated in Kant's critical philosophy.

The fundamental basis of empiricism is that experience plays a crucial role in the origin and confirmation of knowledge. Empiricists criticized metaphysics as speculative and detached from real-world problems, focusing instead on clarifying the human world through critical analysis of reason. This approach replaced rationalist apriorism... Continue reading "Understanding Empiricism and the Enlightenment: Key Concepts" »

Key Marxist Concepts

• Consciousness: The realm of ideas, symbols, values, and norms of interpretation through which individuals understand themselves. According to Marx, consciousness is shaped by the social reality of each historical moment.
• Material Conditions of Existence: The conditions necessary to ensure the continuity of human life on the planet, according to Marx.
• Bourgeois Economics: The capitalist mode of production.
• Political Economy: The study of the laws governing the free market and the distribution of national product among labor, capital, and land.
• Engels: A self-taught German philosopher, politician, and revolutionary. A close collaborator with Marx, assisting in the development of some of his key works.
• Economic Structure: The foundation

Organizational Structure

An organization is a group of individuals working together under a set of rules and standards of behavior to achieve specific objectives.

Importance of Organization

A well-defined organizational structure is crucial for any company's success. It provides a framework for efficient operations, facilitates goal achievement, and minimizes effort duplication. A robust structure aligns with the company's objectives, plans, authority, and operating environment.

Types of Organizations

There are two primary types of organizational structures:

• Informal Organization: This type emerges spontaneously from the relationships and interactions among individuals holding formal positions within an organization.
• Formal Organization: This structure

19th Century Germany: Nationalism and Intellectual Ferment

The Germany in which Nietzsche lived, and his friend Wagner, was the result of nationalist sentiment that took shape during the nineteenth century in Europe, due to the expansion of liberal thought and propagated by the Napoleonic invasions. Each nation sought a constitution that established the division of powers and political pluralism. In Germany, supporters of union with Austria fought against those who preferred a Germany under the rule of Prussia. With the new project, an expansionist Germany appeared. It set up the North German Confederation, annexed Alsace, Lorraine, and the German states in the South, and the Second Reich was founded. In the second half of the nineteenth century,... Continue reading "19th Century German Philosophy: Nietzsche, Wagner & Historicism" »

Language and Languages

Language and languages can be synonymous in certain contexts but can also be distinguished by examining the words very precisely:

• Language: The ability to communicate through words.
• Language: Specific words used to communicate.

There are languages where there are signs or symbols. Their meaning must signify something: The words of a language are what is common to all languages. Human language is the ability to communicate. We all have the capacity for language, and all have the same capacity, but everything to do with a language we know is our own. Language is materialized by language.

• Language: Communication system; human power.
• Languages: Lesser, concrete materializations.

Human beings are fundamentally linguistic, endowed... Continue reading "Understanding Language: Characteristics, Linguistics, and Human Communication" »

The Commonwealth of Catalonia: Formation and Challenges

In Madrid, there were differing opinions regarding the Commonwealth of Catalonia. The Conservative party was opposed, and even within the ruling Liberal party, opinions were divided. Some saw it favorably, while others did not. President José Canalejas agreed to the Commonwealth and committed to the Catalan cause. Unfortunately, Canalejas was assassinated before he could pursue this agreement, and the project was stalled. It was not until the following year, 1913, that the Conservative government of Eduardo Dato finally allowed the Catalan Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was established in April 1914.

The Constitution of the Commonwealth

The first president of the Commonwealth was Enric Prat

Capitalism, Politics, and Social Change

The core of capitalist leadership, including the U.S., Europe, and Japan, extended to Latin America, Africa, and Oceania at the political level. Democratic systems were implanted in most countries, based on the recognition of individual freedoms, the division of power, and political pluralism.

Economically, a capitalist economy based on private property and free markets prevailed. Differences existed in the degree of intervention, favoring societies based on class and wealth.

Political Situation

Governments in Western countries leaned towards the center-right (liberal and Christian democratic) and center-left (social democratic).

Years of Growth

A period of elevated growth was based on:

• Advance advisory and

LOGSE vs. LOE: Primary Education Curricula

This document compares the curricula for Primary Education under the LOGSE (Organic Law of the General Organization of the Educational System) and the LOE (Organic Law of Education) in Spain.

Curriculum Comparison