Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Word Order in English and Spanish

In English, we find:

• DETERMINER + adjective + noun
• Determiner + noun + adjective
• Adjective as subject complement
• Adjective as object complement (e.g., He made his wife happy)

In Spanish and English, the attributive function shows the following word orders:

• Spanish: Noun + adjective, Adjective + noun
• English: Adjective + noun, Noun + adjective

In English, there are several cases in which the position of adjectives is usually postnominal:

Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where can be modified only postpositively.

Textual Equivalence

Aim: To explore how word order controls information flow and other strategies at the text level.

Cohesive Devices

Cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis,... Continue reading "Word Order, Cohesion, and Conjunction in English and Spanish" »

1. Reasons for European Expansion

   Which of the following was not a reason for European expansion during the Age of Imperialism?

   • Drive to increase national prestige
   • Need for markets and raw materials
   • Zeal to spread Christianity
   • Desire for slaves

2. Colonization of Africa in the Late 19th Century

   During the late nineteenth century, Africa was colonized and controlled by:

   • Muslim traders
   • Many European countries
   • England and Russia
   • France

3. Spheres of Influence

   Which country was carved into spheres of influence by European powers in the late nineteenth century?

   • India
   • Korea
   • China
   • Japan

4. Colonial Policies Regarding Native Customs

   Colonial officials often discouraged native peoples from:

   • Practicing traditional customs and rituals.
   • Adopting Western lifestyles.
   • Learning English languages.

We must distinguish between the grammatical category of tense and the semantic category of time. Time is a non-linguistic concept with three divisions: past, present, and future. Tense is a grammatical category that is realized by verb inflection; by tense, we understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and the concept of time. There are just two tenses in English, present and past. However, there is no obvious future tense in English corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. Instead, there are several possibilities for denoting future time.

The Term Aspect

refers to a grammatical category which concerns the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded, for example, as complete or in progress.... Continue reading "Understanding Tense, Aspect, Number, and Concord in English Grammar" »

Organized Trips

It's true that today many people decide to pay for organized trips because it is very comfortable. However, other people don't because they see disadvantages in organized trips.

Advantages of Organized Trips

On the one hand, organized trips include visits to the most famous and most visited places. This allows you to avoid planning all the visits and worrying about what to do first. Usually, it also includes accommodation, and because of this, there is no trouble booking last minute. It is likely that organized trips help you waste less time.

Disadvantages of Organized Trips

On the other hand, sometimes if you go to a place with an organized trip you can't see the places that you want. Organized trip visits usually have a limited... Continue reading "Organized Trips, Owning a Car, and Ideal Transport" »

IS YOUNGER BETTER?

Two central ideas which lie behind the popular assumption that 'younger is better' are:

1. the widely-held view that since young children learn their mother tongue so quickly and effectively, they will be able to pick up a foreign language in the same way, without ever having to make any real effort.
2. the concept of a critical or sensitive period, an idea developed around the mid-20th century of a 'magic' period in children's lives (usually identified as up to the age of about 12) after which their brains lose plasticity and they are no longer capable of learning another language so effectively.

THE MOTHER TONGUE

In the case of mother tongue acquisition, children are learning language at the same time as they are discovering who they... Continue reading "Language Learning in Young Children: Myths and Realities" »

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory in Literary Criticism

The kind of poetry capable of sustaining the responsibility of leading society, according to Matthew Arnold, should possess high seriousness. It ought to be a solemn form of poetry, not comic, and reflective of Victorian ideals. Arnold introduced the concept of touchstones to evaluate such poetry.

Defining the Touchstone Theory

A touchstone is traditionally an instrument used to determine the quality of something. When Matthew Arnold discusses touchstones, he employs a metaphor referring to a set of criteria. With these criteria, one can apply them to poems to assess their function and quality. He identified three types of literary estimates:

• Personal Estimate: Based on individual feelings,

What is quality management?

Quality management does not aim to assure good quality, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent. It has four main components:

• quality planning
• quality control
• quality assurance (garantía)
• quality improvement

Its principles include meeting customer requirements, leadership and involvement of people, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system, continual improvement, and making decisions based on data analysis and information.

Quality Management in Construction Projects

Quality refers to products or services, while quality management refers to processes. According to the ISO 9000 standards, all projects should have their own audited quality management systems. Every project... Continue reading "Quality Management in Construction Projects: Essential Components and Principles" »

Process of Scientific Research

Following is the general process of scientific research

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
2. Problem Identification
3. Theoretical framework
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Research design
6. Collection of data
7. Analysis of data
8. Generalization and interpretation

Explanation of points

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
   Generally, research is conducted to solve the problem. There are several problems in our environment. Some problems affect the environment. Hence, one has to observe the situation and then sense or realize the problem.
2. Problem Identification
   There are many problems in our environment. We must have sense to identify the problem which are affecting our environment. Only symptoms do not indicate the problem. So, in this step, the researcher

What is the Museo Diffuso of Testaccio and how does it compare with the approach to cultural heritage studied in relation to the Forum and the Aqueducts?

Museo Diffuso of Testaccio is a defused museum throughout the neighborhood of Testaccio. It is compared in the way it took a different approach to preserving cultural heritage when compared to the Forum and the Aqueducts. The Museo is a part of the neighborhood, and they preserved cultural artifacts while leaving them in their real context (surroundings that exist around a particular area). When looking at the Forum and Aqueducts, it can be seen that it follows de-contextualization in that it shows the artifacts in isolation from their context.

Why is showing Cultural Heritage in its appropriate

First Actions and Repression (1959-1961)

From 1959 to 1968, ETA built up an organizational infrastructure and relied on the theoretical tactic of symbolic violence. In 1961, it attempted its first action: On July 18, an unsuccessful attempt was made to derail a series of trains carrying Francoist sympathizers to a rally in San Sebastian to celebrate the anniversary of the military uprising. The Basques were arrested, tortured, and sentenced to jail terms. Others were forced into exile in the French state.

First Assembly and Strategic Shift (1962)

In 1962, the first organizational assembly was held. It was formally agreed that the organization would develop along the lines of an armed national liberation movement. A new wave of industrial protest... Continue reading "ETA's Early Years: Formation and Strategy (1959-1970)" »