Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory in Literary Criticism

The kind of poetry capable of sustaining the responsibility of leading society, according to Matthew Arnold, should possess high seriousness. It ought to be a solemn form of poetry, not comic, and reflective of Victorian ideals. Arnold introduced the concept of touchstones to evaluate such poetry.

Defining the Touchstone Theory

A touchstone is traditionally an instrument used to determine the quality of something. When Matthew Arnold discusses touchstones, he employs a metaphor referring to a set of criteria. With these criteria, one can apply them to poems to assess their function and quality. He identified three types of literary estimates:

• Personal Estimate: Based on individual feelings,

What is quality management?

Quality management does not aim to assure good quality, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent. It has four main components:

• quality planning
• quality control
• quality assurance (garantía)
• quality improvement

Its principles include meeting customer requirements, leadership and involvement of people, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system, continual improvement, and making decisions based on data analysis and information.

Quality Management in Construction Projects

Quality refers to products or services, while quality management refers to processes. According to the ISO 9000 standards, all projects should have their own audited quality management systems. Every project... Continue reading "Quality Management in Construction Projects: Essential Components and Principles" »

Process of Scientific Research

Following is the general process of scientific research

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
2. Problem Identification
3. Theoretical framework
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Research design
6. Collection of data
7. Analysis of data
8. Generalization and interpretation

Explanation of points

1. Sensing or realizing a problem
   Generally, research is conducted to solve the problem. There are several problems in our environment. Some problems affect the environment. Hence, one has to observe the situation and then sense or realize the problem.
2. Problem Identification
   There are many problems in our environment. We must have sense to identify the problem which are affecting our environment. Only symptoms do not indicate the problem. So, in this step, the researcher

What is the Museo Diffuso of Testaccio and how does it compare with the approach to cultural heritage studied in relation to the Forum and the Aqueducts?

Museo Diffuso of Testaccio is a defused museum throughout the neighborhood of Testaccio. It is compared in the way it took a different approach to preserving cultural heritage when compared to the Forum and the Aqueducts. The Museo is a part of the neighborhood, and they preserved cultural artifacts while leaving them in their real context (surroundings that exist around a particular area). When looking at the Forum and Aqueducts, it can be seen that it follows de-contextualization in that it shows the artifacts in isolation from their context.

Why is showing Cultural Heritage in its appropriate

First Actions and Repression (1959-1961)

From 1959 to 1968, ETA built up an organizational infrastructure and relied on the theoretical tactic of symbolic violence. In 1961, it attempted its first action: On July 18, an unsuccessful attempt was made to derail a series of trains carrying Francoist sympathizers to a rally in San Sebastian to celebrate the anniversary of the military uprising. The Basques were arrested, tortured, and sentenced to jail terms. Others were forced into exile in the French state.

First Assembly and Strategic Shift (1962)

In 1962, the first organizational assembly was held. It was formally agreed that the organization would develop along the lines of an armed national liberation movement. A new wave of industrial protest... Continue reading "ETA's Early Years: Formation and Strategy (1959-1970)" »

Unification and Dissociation of Sensibility

Understanding the Concepts

The terms "unification of sensibility" and "dissociation of sensibility" are closely related but distinct concepts in literary criticism and cognitive philosophy. They explore the relationship between the individual (subject) and the world (object), particularly in the context of poetic expression.

Continuity vs. Discontinuity:

• Continuity: This perspective suggests a seamless connection between the subject and object, where emotions and experiences are directly intertwined with the external world.
• Discontinuity: This view posits a separation between the subject and object, where the individual's thoughts and feelings are distinct from the external stimuli that evoke them.

T.S.

Text Structure

Sequence of sentences, but not any sequence of sentences is a text.

Considered a text, if it is coherent and if it complies with certain norms which are typical of a text.

Texts must have:

• Cohesion: formal, grammatical relations between sentences in a text.
• Coherence: interaction between the text and the real world. It relates to the mental and conceptual aspects of the given information.
• Recurrence (repetition), progression (sequence) and connectivity (connectors).

Textual Competence

Capacity to construct well-formed texts. Capacity to interpret well-formed texts or accept messages. This competence can be evidenced in different situations: monologs/dialogs, oral/written discourse, face to face/distance interactions, simultaneous/differed... Continue reading "Text Structure and Textual Competence" »

Acquisition

is the process of internalizing a language in a context where that language is used as the usual means of communication. It is a subconscious process of which the individual is not aware. A language is acquired when the process occurs naturally or when the process is not externally guided.

Learning

is the process of internalizing a language as a result of formal study, typically in a classroom situation. It is a conscious process, much like what one experiences in school.

SL:

refers to any language acquired after the mother tongue or native language (the one acquired in the family), regardless it is second, third, etc. Normally, it is officially spoken in one’s country.

FL:

refers to any language learned after the native language.... Continue reading "Language Acquisition and Learning: Theories and Processes" »

Rewriting and Literary Reception

Rewriting significantly influences the reception, acceptance, or rejection of literary texts. Several factors empower 'rewriting persons' such as translators, historiographers, anthologists, critics, and editors. These influences are primarily ideological and poetological.

Ideological Influence

A crucial consideration is the translator's ideology or the ideology imposed by patronage.

Poetological Influence

This involves two components:

• Literary Devices: Genres, symbols, leimotifs, narrative plots, and formalized characters.
• The Role of Literature: The concept of literature's role within the social system in which it exists.

The Literary System

Professionals within the literary system, such as critics, reviewers, academic... Continue reading "Rewriting and Power Dynamics in Literary Translation" »

Power in Global Politics

Power is a central concept in global politics. It's the ability to effect change within social organizations, not a unitary force. Understanding power dynamics is crucial, especially with growing globalization and contested relationships between people and groups.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is a state's independence, territorial control, and self-governance. How states use this power is key. Some argue globalization erodes sovereignty, while others believe states retain significant power in their national interest.

Legitimacy in Governance

Legitimacy is the basis for governance and exercising power. Democracy and constitutionalism, where citizens choose their leaders, are widely accepted sources. Other sources exist where this... Continue reading "Power, Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and Interdependence in Global Politics" »