Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

EU Motto: Meaning and Origin

The motto of the European Union is "United in diversity". This signifies the union of countries with different characteristics, united for a common purpose.

The Eurozone Explained

The Eurozone comprises all the European Union countries that use the Euro (€) as their official currency.

EU Decision-Making Process

• Citizens, interest groups, experts: Discuss and consult.
• European Commission: Makes formal proposals.
• European Parliament & Council of the EU: Decide together.
• National or local authorities: Implement decisions.
• European Commission & Court of Justice: Monitor implementation.

Challenges Facing the European Union

Enlargement Criteria

Countries wishing to join the EU must meet certain criteria:

• Incorporate and

Challenging Norms: Black Women and Divinity

“We are all created in God’s image.” This religious illustration challenges the traditional idea of a white, omnipotent God, instead demonstrating the humanity and majesty of Black women.

Although this image might be striking from a religious perspective, the words of W.E.B. Du Bois in his article regarding the Criteria of Negro Art should be considered: beauty has no universal rules. Similar to women, African Americans have fought for equality for decades. This artwork depicts the polar opposite of the traditionally transmitted image—replacing a white man with a Black woman. Here, a Black woman serves as humanity's cornerstone, presented as a rebellious and revolutionary work of art.

Through... Continue reading "Black Representation, Feminist Criticism, and Authorial Intent" »

After 5 years studying International business and with an emphasis on Finance, I would like to expand my knowledge in this field by applying to the MBA in Finance & Businesses program at Wharton University of Pennsylvania. During my years of study in Universidad del Norte, finance was my field of interest, I took every course of finances with the best attitude because I believe that is the most important factor in a company. Finance became a field of interest because of my high school years, I always wanted to know what happens with the money inside a business. I studied at Liceo de Cervantes school in Barranquilla and that was the beginning of the affection I have for it. I participated in entrepreneurship contests for acquiring more knowledge... Continue reading "Pursuing an MBA in Finance & Business at Wharton University" »

Critical Ideology

He believed in a descriptive and interpretative criticism that was objective. You tell what the poem says, you explain what the poem looks like, and you give meaning to it. There is a kind of criticism omitted that is called Judicial criticism. The judgement should be as little contaminated by personality and subjectivity of the critic. It should be as distant as possible from the personality of the critic because the most important critical judgement forms itself without a relation with the critic.

The critic should have fresh knowledge and let out his own judgement. Here we have the clash between objectivity and subjectivity because the critic has to be objective and let the judgement pass along as a secondary factor of knowledge.... Continue reading "Understanding Critical Ideology: Objective Literary Analysis" »

What do you think of the future for young people like you in Spain?

The current economic crisis in Spain is widespread, but it may subside in the coming years. However, if the crisis persists, young people could face challenging conditions due to potential disruptions in their education. This situation might compel many to leave the country in search of better opportunities.

Conversely, if the crisis resolves, life in Spain is likely to improve with increased funding, job creation, and reduced unemployment. This would result in a more populated and thriving nation.

In conclusion, I hope that young people will have access to work or education with government support, and that the crisis will end as soon as possible.

Perspectives on the Future for

• Stoic: Strong, calm before disaster.
• Synonyms: Firm, calm, impassive, resigned, patient, tolerant.
• Antonyms: Conformist, impatient.
• Stranger: What is or is out of place; abroad.
• Synonyms: Foreign, strange, foreigner, alien, exotic.
• Antonyms: Native, indigenous.
• Landowner: A person owning land or property, especially large agricultural areas.
• Synonyms: Farmer, landowner, owner, tycoon.
• Antonyms:
• Albino: A living being that has more or less complete congenital lack of pigmentation in the skin, eyes, and hair, due to a lack of melanin.
• Synonyms: Clear, off-white, white, albugineous.
• Antonyms:
• Follower: A person who follows the teachings and other models, especially following a school or style of an earlier generation.
• Synonyms: Follower.
• Actuary:
• a) Assistant

Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Architectural Vision

The renewal of architecture in the 19th century, particularly in Chicago, marked the beginning of modernism. The early 20th century witnessed an architectural revolution, breaking away from technical, formal, and aesthetic traditions to establish a new language. This revolution mirrored the economic shifts brought about by the Industrial Revolution. This modern architectural renewal is linked to rationalism and organicism.

Villa Savoye stands as one of the most emblematic works of the 20th century, representing the rationalism movement. Le Corbusier is celebrated as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.

Identification of Villa Savoye

Villa Savoye is a family residence nestled in nature... Continue reading "Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Rationalist Masterpiece" »

Different Philosophical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship

2.1. R. Cantillon (Father of Political Economy)

"As a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise."

- The Focus of Cantillon's definition of an entrepreneur is on:

1. Entrepreneur's function
2. Their role as an uncertainty-bearer in the market

Market-Based Perspectives

Adam Smith (1770) [The Father of Economics]

An entrepreneur is an individual who undertakes the formation of an organization for commercial purposes by recognizing the potential demand for goods and services, and thereby acts as an economic agent, transforming demand into supply.

Leon Walras

Understanding Maps: Essential Concepts

1. What Are Maps?

Maps represent all or part of the Earth's surface on a flat plane.

2. Map Representation: Key Characteristics

• Inaccurate Representation: Maps cannot provide a perfectly accurate representation due to the transition from a spherical to a flat surface.
• Distortion: Maps reduce real-world dimensions and can distort areas, especially in remote regions.
• Symbolic: Maps use conventional signs and symbols to indicate dimensions, positions, and features.

3. Map Scales

Map scale is the relationship or proportion between real-world distances on land and the distances represented on maps.

4. Types of Map Scales

• Numerical Scale: Represents the relationship between actual distances and the figures on the map

Leadership Roles in Business

Key Leadership Positions

• Directors: Senior managers elected by shareholders in a limited company. They usually head a major functional department and are responsible for delegating within that department.
• Managers: Individuals responsible for people, resources, or decision-making (often all three). They have authority over other staff below them in the hierarchy and are tasked with leading, motivating, and, if necessary, disciplining the staff in their section or department.
• Supervisors: Appointed by management to oversee the work of others. This is usually not a decision-making role, but they are responsible for leading a team of people.
• Worker's Representatives: Elected by workers, either as trade union officials or