Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Second International

The Second International was founded in Paris and exclusively incorporated socialist parties. Its core principles included:

• The extension of democracy.
• Access to power through peaceful means.
• Regulation of the labour market.
• The end of gender discrimination and other inequalities.

It established iconic symbols of the workers' movement, such as the 1st of May as International Workers' Day, in memory of those arrested and killed in Chicago during a demonstration.

The Great Socialist Schism

Internal debates triggered the breakup of the Second International, leading to the two major currents of 20th-century socialism:

• Social Democracy (Reformist): In Germany, a sector of the SPD led by Eduard Bernstein advocated for a parliamentary

Understanding Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the ability and function of dual language acquisition. It is best acquired through consistent exposure in real-life scenarios where grammar can be internalized more easily.

Types of Bilingualism

Early Bilingualism

When the time of acquisition occurs in childhood, it is considered early bilingualism. In contrast to that, late bilingualism occurs if the time of acquisition happens in adulthood. Further explained, the cut-off point is not clearly stated, but it can be set at around the age of three to be considered early bilingualism.

Late Bilingualism

Late bilingualism refers to bilingualism when the second language is learned after the age of 6 or 7, especially when it is learned in adolescence or adulthood.... Continue reading "Bilingualism Types and Essential English Vocabulary" »

Terrorism: Historical Perspective and Current Realities: Some Data (I)

Some Data from the report “40 years of data on international and domestic terrorism”, Heritage Foundation:

• The psychological impact of the 11/S bombings was huge and might have foreshadowed a new generation of terrorism. Similar bombings in Madrid and London in the coming years seemed to be a confirmation.
• The fact is that the report from the Heritage Foundation from 2011 registered as many as 39 plots foiled since the fateful bombings: “Simply put, the intelligence and law enforcement communities are better able to track down leads in local communities than they were on September 10, 2001”.

Targets and Casualties:

• Bombings which take place in the first world lay larger

Teen Spirit

• 1. a) p3, b) p4
• 2.
  • a) False: "First we blamed... to 25 years."
  • b) True: "These results... brain's development."
  • c) False: "The truth remains... any easier."
• 3. a) transition, b) concerned, c) baffled, d) massive
• 4. 1-c, 2-b, 3-a

Spain's Jobless Women

• 1. a) p1, b) p3
• 2.
  • a) False: "If you are young... 54.7%."
  • b) True: "In the past decades... the public sector."
  • c) False: "These days... a lot of employees."
• 3. a) set up, b) alternative, c) resulted in, d) chance
• 4. 1-c, 2-a, 3-b

Turning Education

• 1. a) p1, b) p3
• 2.
  • a) True: "The principal of Clintondale... have visited them."
  • b) True: "It's well known... is booming."
  • c) False: "Courses are being... in his garage."
• 3. a) available, b) booming, c) impressive, d) displace
• 4. 1-a, 2-b, 3-a

Research Ship Trapped

The 1968 Olympic Protest: A Symbol of Black Power

Tommie Smith and John Carlos were African American athletes who won the gold and bronze medals, respectively, in the 200-meter race. They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. The two men stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed while the American national anthem played. With this gesture, they sought to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolize ‘Black Power’. The silver medallist, white Australian athlete, Peter Norman, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support for the two Americans.

Understanding Social

The Freedmen's Bureau and Its Legacy

• Established by Congress.
• Served as an early welfare agency.
• Led by General Oliver O. Howard.
• Achieved significant success in education, teaching formerly enslaved people to read.
• Suffered from poor land distribution policies (the promise of "40 acres and a mule" was largely unfulfilled).

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan (10% Plan)

• A key Reconstruction plan proposed by President Lincoln.
• Required 10% of the state's voters from the 1860 election to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and abide by emancipation.

The Black Codes: Regulating Freedmen's Lives

• Laws enacted in the South to regulate the affairs of freed Black citizens.
• Designed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force.
• Severely oppressed the ideal of freedom

Theme 6: Fan Culture

Fan is an abbreviated form of the word 'fanatic'. In its more literal sense it means 'belonging to the temple, a temple servant, and a devotee', but it quickly assumed more negative connotations, 'of person inspired by orgiastic rites and enthusiastic frenzy'.

The 'trekkies' were depicted as nerdy guys with glasses and rubber Vulcon ears. They are brainless consumers who will buy anything associated with the program or its cast. They devote their lives to the cultivation of worthless knowledge and they are described as misfits, desexualized, immature, and unable to separate fantasy from reality. 'Star Trek' is written on the assumption that speaking as a fan is a defensible position within the debates surrounding mass culture.... Continue reading "Exploring Fan Culture: From Fanatics to Active Producers" »

The Enlightenment Era

The Enlightenment was a period of profound intellectual and cultural change in Western philosophy. It represented a state of having knowledge and understanding, initiating significant social, technical, economic, and political progress that shaped modern society.

Principal Enlightenment Ideas

• Natural Equality and Liberty: The belief that all individuals are born equal, meaning no one inherently possesses privileges or rights over another.
• Social Contract
• Natural Sovereignty
• Separation of Powers
• Deism, Tolerance, Liberty, and Progress:
  • Deism: The belief in a supreme being who created the universe, discoverable through reason and observation of the natural world alone, without faith or organized religion.
  • Tolerance, Liberty, Progress:

Foundational Political Concepts

Constitution: A set of laws that people have made and agreed upon for government. It enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. It defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of a government. By limiting the government's own reach, most constitutions guarantee certain rights to the people.

Bourgeois Revolution: A sudden political change led by the Bourgeoisie that transforms the life of people in a short lapse of time. A society based on the Estates of the Realm gave way to a Liberal Society. In many countries of Europe and America, these social transformations took place from the late 1700s and throughout the 19th century.... Continue reading "Foundational Political Concepts: Constitution to Coup d'État" »

A CEO's Perspective on the Global Economy

A CEO has to look at the entire global economy and then FALSE

Regional Management Centers

A company with headquarters in Europe and operational regional management center.

A company with headquarters in the United States and operational units in the Netherlands regional management center.

Challenges of Global Organization

A key issue in global organization is how to TA major disadvantage of the regional T

A potential disadvantage of the organization TA stakeholder is any group or individual T

Leadership Insights

According to Carly Fiorina, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard, connecting.

According to David Whitwam, former CEO of Whirlpool, adept at exchanging ideas.

Global Business Realities

According to Kenichi Ohmae'... Continue reading "Global Economy and Corporate Leadership" »