Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Scientific Management School

This school arose in the early twentieth century and introduced concepts such as:

• Task distribution
• Expertise
• Control
• Coordination
• Hierarchy

Its main exponents were Frederick Taylor and Max Weber.

Taylor proposed the division of labor between those responsible for planning (managers) and those executing that plan. The managers' primary responsibility is to optimize the performance of the executors. The specialization of tasks and skills saves the worker time, assuming they perform the same task daily. Weber emphasized the importance of planning and worker training.

Human Relations School

This school criticizes the excessive division of labor, arguing it wrongly presupposes that workers are incapable of planning their work.... Continue reading "Key Management Theories: From Taylor to Contemporary Ideas" »

The concept of globalization emerged in the twentieth century, following the crisis of the socialist bloc. However, throughout history, there have been various waves of globalization and internationalization of human relations.

Globalization has achieved much in the economic sphere. There is an unfettered freedom of capital movements, and some barriers to trade in goods and services have been removed. However, the movement of people, particularly migration, remains limited. The globalization of justice, human rights, ecology, and political decisions has been largely shelved.

The balance of the last 30 years concludes that globalization has not reached all countries. It has primarily benefited the most skilled sectors of the population in richer... Continue reading "Globalization: Impacts on Economy, Society, and Environment" »

Nouns: Words with Gender and Number

A noun is a word that has gender (feminine or masculine) and number (plural or singular).

Types of Nouns

• Common: chair, furniture, bed, piano, horse, etc.
• Proper: Antonio, San Juan, Malaga, etc.
• Concrete: Refer to material objects that are perceived by the senses (not just by sight): perfume, music, star, book, etc.
• Abstract: Designate intangible realities, which are included as concepts: sympathy, freedom, equality, etc.
• Singular: Refer to a single unit in the singular form: stylus, pond, person, etc.
• Collective: army, public, neighborhood, people, etc.
• Countable: Refer to existing objects that can be counted and numbered: home, planet, notebook, car, etc.
• Uncountable: flour, water, oil, salt, etc.

Determiners: Accompanying

B-institutional functions:

1. Recruitment and selection of political elites - Parties share the role of recruitment and training with top bureaucrats, business, or intellectuals. Some countries have a closed list system, where the party bureaucracy is very extensive. Parties do not necessarily select the best, but the most disciplined, those who identify more with partisan ideologies and those who criticize less. This phenomenon of co-option of selecting interests creates a bureaucracy within parties, leading to oligarchization. It is consistent with the interests of party professionals who are paid by work.
2. Organization and conduct of elections - Political parties organize the elections and we elect representatives submitted by the parties. The

Treasures of the Earth

1. This text talks about an exhibition where you can see a model house in which you can locate materials. There is also an animated film where you can see the different geological periods. You can also see different minerals. You can also experience earthquakes and learn the history of the planet in a video.
2. Keywords: Exhibition, tools, lent, fractures.
3. • a) Samples from the collection are used to study the minerals.
   • b) "You ought to see the beautiful animated [film]," they said to us.
   • c) The exhibition contains a model house.
   • d) You can see a large model of a modern gold mine.
4. • a) This text comes from a leaflet about the exhibition. It was written by the person who organized the exhibition to tell people what the exhibition is about.

Question 1

Teachers should not replace "old technologies" with "new technology"; they should, first of all, ensure a good fit. That is, use each technology for what it is best suited, and therefore superior to the other. New technologies, when associated with good pedagogical teaching, learning, and assessment, are of great importance from the moment they are seen as educational tools that can facilitate learning and become mediators for students to construct their own knowledge. In this process, the student takes on an active role rather than a passive one, addressing their needs so they can become critical and reflective citizens in the context of current education. Given this reality, the idea that individuals must "be able to accomplish... Continue reading "Technology, Taxes, and Globalization: Key Issues" »

Introductory Elements

• The state is the political organization of society. Power, the center of politics, is a key element of the state. The existence of power relations doesn't inherently define power itself.
• The state's core components are power, territory, and citizens.

Power

Power, in its exercise, is often wielded based on personal interests and convictions, leading to confusion between individuals and institutions. It's an individual's capacity to act or refrain from acting. Absolute power occurs when an individual's will is enforced without opposition.

"Power is the ability to exercise one's will, supported by resources, resulting in its enforceability." State power involves imposition and institutionalized force, implying coercion and a deliberate... Continue reading "Understanding the State: Power, Territory, and People" »

Marx's Philosophy: A Scientific Interpretation of History

Marx's philosophy is intended as a scientific interpretation of human history, aiming to predict its future course. Marx argues that the proper way to interpret history is not by staying on the surface, focusing on anecdotes about rulers or the prevalent thoughts of each era. Instead, one must go directly to the motor of history, which, according to Marx, is the **economy** and the **production relations** among people.

The Motor of History: Class Struggle

For Marx, the motor of history is **class struggle**. Throughout time, different economic systems have emerged (slavery, feudalism, capitalism), each representing a different form of exploitation of one class by another. In each system,... Continue reading "Marxism: Understanding History and Class Struggle" »

Rousseau on Nature, Society, and Contract

According to Rousseau, men are naturally free and equal, possessing mercy, kindness, simplicity of life, and enjoy easy coexistence due to an abundance of goods. If men are seen in a state of struggle and inequality, it is attributed to society and its institutions, particularly private property. (Rousseau believed man is naturally good, but society corrupts him).

The only legitimate state operates under the rule of law, protecting all people and their property equally through a social contract. This contract ensures:

• Since all individuals surrender their rights equally, it prevents the creation of differences.
• It ensures no loss of personal freedom, maintaining equality.
• It guarantees the conditions necessary

• Electoral Systems

  Electoral systems exist in democratic regimes and are found in two forms: proportional and majority.

• Proportional: Characterized by the amount of power that is assumed in the governing bodies, which is proportional to the number of votes obtained in the elections.

Majority: Characterized by the desire to obtain the most votes, which grants all the power. When a party receives 50 + 1 votes, it secures 100% of the representation in Congress.

The proportional system is a fair system from the standpoint of political representation, but it is often seen as unfair compared to the majority system.

From the perspective of political representation, the proportional system helps create conditions that can lead to political instability due