Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

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Abortion Laws and UN Security Council Reform: Global Perspectives

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Abortion Laws: A Global Health Issue

Most countries have laws that prohibit abortion entirely or only permit it to save a woman's life. However, there is a global trend toward liberalizing abortion laws.

Unsafe Abortion: A Public Health Crisis

The World Health Organization has recognized unsafe abortion as a serious public health problem since 1967. When women facing unwanted pregnancies encounter legal restrictions, they are more likely to seek unsafe abortions. Legal restrictions directly correlate with a higher percentage of unsafe procedures, significantly impacting public health.

Even in countries with legal abortion, limited public information and inadequate medical training can hinder access to safe procedures. The United Nations Special... Continue reading "Abortion Laws and UN Security Council Reform: Global Perspectives" »

Coercive Diplomacy, Deterrence, Terrorism, and Infrastructure

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Coercive Diplomacy and Deterrence

Coercive diplomacy and deterrence share several similarities. For instance, they both rely on the use or promise of force to achieve a specific objective. Coercive diplomacy acts as a deterrent as it seeks to stop a group, state, or non-state actor from behaving undesirably. Successful deterrence and coercive diplomacy should have a show of power and a high level of certainty that the promise of force will become enforced when the need arises. The emergence of nuclear weapons has shielded countries from becoming the victims of coercive diplomacy as all nuclear powers have the same amount of strength (Levy 538). It has also deterred the atomic powers from confronting each other directly as it would lead to total

... Continue reading "Coercive Diplomacy, Deterrence, Terrorism, and Infrastructure" »

Global Insights: Education Systems and Architectural Innovation

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Understanding the British School System

The British education system features both public schools (often private, fee-paying institutions) and state schools (publicly funded). State schools are typically comprehensive, though some separate into secondary modern schools (more vocational) and grammar schools (more academically focused).

Most schools have a uniform, fostering a sense of identity and school pride. Students can be chosen as prefects, a role that, while not always highly emphasized, often includes responsibilities. Most schools also appoint a Head Boy and Head Girl who attend school meetings and deliver a speech at the end of the year.

Schools are typically divided into:

  • Junior Schools (ages 7-11)
  • Senior Schools (ages 11-18)

The final... Continue reading "Global Insights: Education Systems and Architectural Innovation" »

Word Order, Cohesion, and Conjunction in English and Spanish

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Word Order in English and Spanish

In English, we find:

  • DETERMINER + adjective + noun
  • Determiner + noun + adjective
  • Adjective as subject complement
  • Adjective as object complement (e.g., He made his wife happy)

In Spanish and English, the attributive function shows the following word orders:

  • Spanish: Noun + adjective, Adjective + noun
  • English: Adjective + noun, Noun + adjective

In English, there are several cases in which the position of adjectives is usually postnominal:

Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where can be modified only postpositively.

Textual Equivalence

Aim: To explore how word order controls information flow and other strategies at the text level.

Cohesive Devices

Cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis,... Continue reading "Word Order, Cohesion, and Conjunction in English and Spanish" »

Key Concepts and Review Questions on the Age of Imperialism

Classified in Social sciences

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  1. Reasons for European Expansion

    Which of the following was not a reason for European expansion during the Age of Imperialism?

    • Drive to increase national prestige
    • Need for markets and raw materials
    • Zeal to spread Christianity
    • Desire for slaves
  2. Colonization of Africa in the Late 19th Century

    During the late nineteenth century, Africa was colonized and controlled by:

    • Muslim traders
    • Many European countries
    • England and Russia
    • France
  3. Spheres of Influence

    Which country was carved into spheres of influence by European powers in the late nineteenth century?

    • India
    • Korea
    • China
    • Japan
  4. Colonial Policies Regarding Native Customs

    Colonial officials often discouraged native peoples from:

    • Practicing traditional customs and rituals.
    • Adopting Western lifestyles.
    • Learning English languages.
... Continue reading "Key Concepts and Review Questions on the Age of Imperialism" »

Understanding Tense, Aspect, Number, and Concord in English Grammar

Classified in Social sciences

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We must distinguish between the grammatical category of tense and the semantic category of time. Time is a non-linguistic concept with three divisions: past, present, and future. Tense is a grammatical category that is realized by verb inflection; by tense, we understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and the concept of time. There are just two tenses in English, present and past. However, there is no obvious future tense in English corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. Instead, there are several possibilities for denoting future time.

The Term Aspect

refers to a grammatical category which concerns the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded, for example, as complete or in progress.... Continue reading "Understanding Tense, Aspect, Number, and Concord in English Grammar" »

Organized Trips, Owning a Car, and Ideal Transport

Classified in Social sciences

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Organized Trips

It's true that today many people decide to pay for organized trips because it is very comfortable. However, other people don't because they see disadvantages in organized trips.

Advantages of Organized Trips

On the one hand, organized trips include visits to the most famous and most visited places. This allows you to avoid planning all the visits and worrying about what to do first. Usually, it also includes accommodation, and because of this, there is no trouble booking last minute. It is likely that organized trips help you waste less time.

Disadvantages of Organized Trips

On the other hand, sometimes if you go to a place with an organized trip you can't see the places that you want. Organized trip visits usually have a limited... Continue reading "Organized Trips, Owning a Car, and Ideal Transport" »

Language Learning in Young Children: Myths and Realities

Classified in Social sciences

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IS YOUNGER BETTER?

Two central ideas which lie behind the popular assumption that 'younger is better' are:

  1. the widely-held view that since young children learn their mother tongue so quickly and effectively, they will be able to pick up a foreign language in the same way, without ever having to make any real effort.
  2. the concept of a critical or sensitive period, an idea developed around the mid-20th century of a 'magic' period in children's lives (usually identified as up to the age of about 12) after which their brains lose plasticity and they are no longer capable of learning another language so effectively.

THE MOTHER TONGUE

In the case of mother tongue acquisition, children are learning language at the same time as they are discovering who they... Continue reading "Language Learning in Young Children: Myths and Realities" »

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory: Poetic Evaluation

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Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory in Literary Criticism

The kind of poetry capable of sustaining the responsibility of leading society, according to Matthew Arnold, should possess high seriousness. It ought to be a solemn form of poetry, not comic, and reflective of Victorian ideals. Arnold introduced the concept of touchstones to evaluate such poetry.

Defining the Touchstone Theory

A touchstone is traditionally an instrument used to determine the quality of something. When Matthew Arnold discusses touchstones, he employs a metaphor referring to a set of criteria. With these criteria, one can apply them to poems to assess their function and quality. He identified three types of literary estimates:

  • Personal Estimate: Based on individual feelings,
... Continue reading "Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Theory: Poetic Evaluation" »

Quality Management in Construction Projects: Essential Components and Principles

Classified in Social sciences

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What is quality management?

Quality management does not aim to assure good quality, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent. It has four main components:

  • quality planning
  • quality control
  • quality assurance (garantía)
  • quality improvement

Its principles include meeting customer requirements, leadership and involvement of people, understanding and managing all interrelated processes as a system, continual improvement, and making decisions based on data analysis and information.

Quality Management in Construction Projects

Quality refers to products or services, while quality management refers to processes. According to the ISO 9000 standards, all projects should have their own audited quality management systems. Every project... Continue reading "Quality Management in Construction Projects: Essential Components and Principles" »