Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Architectural Vision

The renewal of architecture in the 19th century, particularly in Chicago, marked the beginning of modernism. The early 20th century witnessed an architectural revolution, breaking away from technical, formal, and aesthetic traditions to establish a new language. This revolution mirrored the economic shifts brought about by the Industrial Revolution. This modern architectural renewal is linked to rationalism and organicism.

Villa Savoye stands as one of the most emblematic works of the 20th century, representing the rationalism movement. Le Corbusier is celebrated as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.

Identification of Villa Savoye

Villa Savoye is a family residence nestled in nature... Continue reading "Villa Savoye: Le Corbusier's Rationalist Masterpiece" »

Different Philosophical Perspectives on Entrepreneurship

2.1. R. Cantillon (Father of Political Economy)

"As a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise."

- The Focus of Cantillon's definition of an entrepreneur is on:

1. Entrepreneur's function
2. Their role as an uncertainty-bearer in the market

Market-Based Perspectives

Adam Smith (1770) [The Father of Economics]

An entrepreneur is an individual who undertakes the formation of an organization for commercial purposes by recognizing the potential demand for goods and services, and thereby acts as an economic agent, transforming demand into supply.

Leon Walras

Leadership Roles in Business

Key Leadership Positions

• Directors: Senior managers elected by shareholders in a limited company. They usually head a major functional department and are responsible for delegating within that department.
• Managers: Individuals responsible for people, resources, or decision-making (often all three). They have authority over other staff below them in the hierarchy and are tasked with leading, motivating, and, if necessary, disciplining the staff in their section or department.
• Supervisors: Appointed by management to oversee the work of others. This is usually not a decision-making role, but they are responsible for leading a team of people.
• Worker's Representatives: Elected by workers, either as trade union officials or

Item 1

• Sociology is the systematic study of human societies, paying special attention to modern industrial systems.
• The practice of sociology involves the ability to think imaginatively and to distance oneself from preconceived ideas about social relations.
• Sociology has important practical consequences. It can contribute to the critical and practical reform of society. A better understanding of social circumstances often provides more possibilities for control and enhances cultural sensitivity.
• Sociology is an attempt to understand the momentous changes in human societies in recent centuries. These changes were not only large-scale but also affected intimate and personal aspects of life.
• The classical founders of sociology are:
  • Auguste Comte: French

Understanding Competences and Skills

Defining Competences

What are competences or skills?

• They are what make people competent: the prerequisites for effective action.
• They should take into account all general and specific knowledge, skills, and motivations needed for effective action.

Action Categories for Graduates

According to Allen, Ramaekers, and van der Velden (2005), higher education graduates may find themselves in nine primary action categories:

• Directing productive tasks
• Directing the work of others
• Planning
• Coordination
• Control
• Innovation
• Information management
• Maintaining relations with personnel
• Maintaining relations with clients

Types of Competences: General and Specific

General Competences Explained

General competences can be applied across a range... Continue reading "Defining Competences: Skills for Career Success" »

Lexical Meaning

Lexical meaning refers to the concepts and ideas by which a linguistic sign refers to real or imagined entities (e.g., home, fish).

Grammatical Meaning

Grammatical meaning refers to the more general, abstract content that indicates grammatical relations between linguistic units (e.g., of, my).

Types of Lexical Meaning

• Monosemy: A word with only one meaning.
• Polysemy: A word with multiple related meanings.
• Homonymy: Two different words with identical form but distinct meanings.
• Denotation: The basic, primary meaning, constituted by the set of features that characterize the semantic class of entities designated by the word.
• Connotation: An added, secondary meaning associated with the use of a word.
• Semantic Fields: A set of words that share

Network Support: Internal and External Support Services

Internal Support Services Center: Teacher Support

• Set up internal support by school professionals (teacher support for integration, support teacher training in schools in areas of remedial education)
• Duties of teacher support (Jordan, 1994): restorative and preventive model (see table in the book, pp. 231)
• Changing roles of teacher support:

• From individual deficit approach to global learning approaches.
• From therapeutic positions to curriculum positions.
• From preventive model to restorative model.

• Support Teacher: assists teachers in the curriculum adaptation process and cooperates with all teaching staff to develop strategies, materials, etc. to facilitate the inclusion of all students in the

The UK: Why Great Britain is such a multiracial and multicultural country dates far back to the time when countries like India, Hong Kong, Malaysia, etc. were part of the British Commonwealth. This gave the people of these countries the right to settle in Great Britain if they wanted. However, these British 'foreigners' were not looked upon as totally British with British rights. They were even limited in the beginning to their own sectors and were given the worst jobs while the best posts were kept for the British themselves.

Today, it is obvious that legitimate immigration is what has made Britain successful economically, and this has been solidified by the intermixture of races and intermarriage. That is why incomers are welcomed, mainly... Continue reading "Understanding Multiculturalism in Great Britain" »

The economic consequences of the World War II and reconstruction - Marshall Plan

1)Consequences:

-Destruction Of lives, physical assets and infrastructures.

-Low Territorial modifications, modest war reparations and debt.

-Technological Developments.

-Increased Social cohesion

-Extension Of democracy and socialism system.

-Economic Growth. Especially U.S.

2)Economic recovery (1945- 1950)

-Quick Recovery.

-“Hinge” stage or transition.

-Mixed Economy.

-Keynes Ideas – liberal capitalism.

-Keys to recovery: state intervention (help the People with bad life) and social contract (everyone agree with improving the World).

-USA Help because it is the only enough powerful to help.

3)MARSHALL

-2 Years after the end of the war, Europe was totally destroyed and

Romanticism

Romanticism was a cultural and political movement that took place in both Germany and England. The great majority of critics and historians agree that the Romantic period began in 1798, when Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads. This period would last until 1837, with the beginning of the Victorian Era. Romanticism arose as a reaction against the rationality of the Enlightenment and neoclassical precepts. Thus, this movement can be understood as a break with reason.

Romanticism in the Arts

Romanticism reached preponderance in all artistic facets. Although the name "romantic" has been given to people of those times, the word is anachronistic; in other words, these people did not consider themselves as Romantics. This term... Continue reading "Romanticism in Literature: Key Features and Influence" »