Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Social sciences

Leadership Roles in Business

Key Leadership Positions

• Directors: Senior managers elected by shareholders in a limited company. They usually head a major functional department and are responsible for delegating within that department.
• Managers: Individuals responsible for people, resources, or decision-making (often all three). They have authority over other staff below them in the hierarchy and are tasked with leading, motivating, and, if necessary, disciplining the staff in their section or department.
• Supervisors: Appointed by management to oversee the work of others. This is usually not a decision-making role, but they are responsible for leading a team of people.
• Worker's Representatives: Elected by workers, either as trade union officials or

Item 1

• Sociology is the systematic study of human societies, paying special attention to modern industrial systems.
• The practice of sociology involves the ability to think imaginatively and to distance oneself from preconceived ideas about social relations.
• Sociology has important practical consequences. It can contribute to the critical and practical reform of society. A better understanding of social circumstances often provides more possibilities for control and enhances cultural sensitivity.
• Sociology is an attempt to understand the momentous changes in human societies in recent centuries. These changes were not only large-scale but also affected intimate and personal aspects of life.
• The classical founders of sociology are:
  • Auguste Comte: French

Network Support: Internal and External Support Services

Internal Support Services Center: Teacher Support

• Set up internal support by school professionals (teacher support for integration, support teacher training in schools in areas of remedial education)
• Duties of teacher support (Jordan, 1994): restorative and preventive model (see table in the book, pp. 231)
• Changing roles of teacher support:

• From individual deficit approach to global learning approaches.
• From therapeutic positions to curriculum positions.
• From preventive model to restorative model.

• Support Teacher: assists teachers in the curriculum adaptation process and cooperates with all teaching staff to develop strategies, materials, etc. to facilitate the inclusion of all students in the

The economic consequences of the World War II and reconstruction - Marshall Plan

1)Consequences:

-Destruction Of lives, physical assets and infrastructures.

-Low Territorial modifications, modest war reparations and debt.

-Technological Developments.

-Increased Social cohesion

-Extension Of democracy and socialism system.

-Economic Growth. Especially U.S.

2)Economic recovery (1945- 1950)

-Quick Recovery.

-“Hinge” stage or transition.

-Mixed Economy.

-Keynes Ideas – liberal capitalism.

-Keys to recovery: state intervention (help the People with bad life) and social contract (everyone agree with improving the World).

-USA Help because it is the only enough powerful to help.

3)MARSHALL

-2 Years after the end of the war, Europe was totally destroyed and

Romanticism

Romanticism was a cultural and political movement that took place in both Germany and England. The great majority of critics and historians agree that the Romantic period began in 1798, when Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads. This period would last until 1837, with the beginning of the Victorian Era. Romanticism arose as a reaction against the rationality of the Enlightenment and neoclassical precepts. Thus, this movement can be understood as a break with reason.

Romanticism in the Arts

Romanticism reached preponderance in all artistic facets. Although the name "romantic" has been given to people of those times, the word is anachronistic; in other words, these people did not consider themselves as Romantics. This term... Continue reading "Romanticism in Literature: Key Features and Influence" »

1. Historical Context

The period from 1874 to 1950 witnessed significant events in Spain's history. The Bourbon Restoration under Alfonso XII (1874-1923) was marked by the Disaster of '98, leading to the loss of overseas colonies. This era saw the rise of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship and the alternation of power between the Conservative and Liberal parties. The Second Republic was proclaimed in 1931, followed by General Franco's military uprising in 1936, which ignited the Spanish Civil War.

Spain's socioeconomic and political conditions during this time reflected a backward society within Europe, heavily reliant on agriculture. A growing polarization emerged between the landowning class and the rural working class. Ortega y Gasset warned... Continue reading "Spain: Sociopolitical & Cultural Shifts (1874-1950)" »

Paternalism in Francoist Spain

Paternalism in Francoist society, from a regenerationist perspective, aimed to improve the social situation of the Spanish people. To this end, a system of measures was designed as the start of social security and, in some areas, a scheme called Social Justice. This is evident in the measures proposed in the attempt to create the Social Security Act, which considered the concerns of the Spanish people as individuals, preceding earlier measures. Additionally, the Laws of the Jurisdiction of Work demonstrated that the regime granted greater liberalism to the Spanish people, offering them more favorable treatment in their relationships with entrepreneurs and in common freedoms.

The Stage of Stabilization and Economic

Arnold's Concept of Disinterestedness

Matthew Arnold used the word disinterestedness with positive connotations. For Arnold, being 'interested' meant being socially or politically motivated, potentially creating an ideology. Literature was often criticized, he felt, because the 'interested' critic evaluated a work based not on its artistic values but on its political, social, and economic features.

The disinterested critic, in contrast, is not influenced by the practical affairs of everyday life; the critic is immune to external pressures. For Arnold, disinterestedness equates to objectivity. This type of criticism characterized the New Critics of the first half of the 20th century in Europe and the USA.

Arnold criticized publications like the... Continue reading "Matthew Arnold's Critical Concepts: Disinterestedness and Touchstones" »

Dewey Decimal Classification System

000 Generalities

• 020 Library Science
• 030 General Encyclopedias
• 070 News and Journalism

100 Philosophy

• 150 Psychology
• 170 Ethics
• 190 Modern Philosophy

200 Religion

• 220 Bible
• 290 Other Religions

300 Social Sciences

• 310 Statistics
• 320 Political Science
• 330 Economics
• 340 Law
• 350 Public
• 360 Welfare
• 370 Education
• 380 Commerce
• 390 Customs and Folklore

400 Languages

• 410 Linguistics
• 420 English
• 450 Italian
• 460 Spanish and Portuguese
• 470 Italic Languages
• 480 Classical and Greek
• 490 Other Languages

500 Pure Sciences

• 510 Mathematics
• 520 Astronomy
• 530 Physics
• 540 Chemistry
• 550 Earth Sciences
• 560 Paleontology
• 570 Anthropology and Biology
• 580 Botanical Sciences
• 590 Zoological Sciences

600 Technology

• 610 Medical
• 620 Engineering
• 630 Agriculture
• 640 Home Economics
• 650

International Organizations and the European Union

International Organizations: These are voluntary associations created by states, with specific objectives related to territory and other goals.

The United Nations

Founded in 1945, the United Nations intervenes in conflicts to promote peace. Its principal objectives include supporting human rights, maintaining peace, and promoting international cooperation.

Main Bodies of the UN:

• Secretariat
• General Assembly
• Security Council

UN Agencies:

• UNICEF
• UNESCO
• FAO
• WHO
• UNHCR
• ILO

State Organization

States are organized into smaller units at three levels: central, regional, and local. Spain, for example, is divided into 17 regions and 2 autonomous cities. Each region is further divided into provinces, and each province... Continue reading "Understanding International Organizations and the European Union" »