Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

American Camelot: The Kennedy Years (1960-1963)

The New Frontier Vision

On the occasion of his nomination at the 1960 Democratic Convention in Los Angeles, JFK delivered his famous:

JFK's "New Frontier" Speech

“[…] I stand here tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind us, the pioneers gave up their safety, their comfort and sometimes their lives to build our new West. […] Some would say that those struggles are all over, that all the horizons have been explored, that all the battles have been won, that there is no longer an American frontier. But I trust that no one in this assemblage would agree with that sentiment; for the problems are not all solved and the battles

Treaty of Wedmore (878-890)

The Treaty of Wedmore followed Alfred's victory at the Battle of Edington. After the battle, the Viking leader Guthrum was baptized and became Alfred's adopted son. While Asser's biography refers to the Peace of Wedmore, the original document does not survive. The treaty below, however, does survive and dates from this period, although a firm date cannot be established. This peace was ordained and confirmed with oaths by King Alfred, King Guthrum, the Witan of all the English nation, and all the people in East Anglia, for themselves and their descendants, both living and unborn, who seek God's mercy or ours.

Futhorc: Anglo-Saxon Runes

Anglo-Saxon runes are runes used by the early Anglo-Saxons as an alphabet in their... Continue reading "Wedmore Treaty, Futhorc Runes, Bayeux Tapestry, Tok Pisin" »

The Creation of the USSR

In 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created.

Political Organisation

The political organisation of the USSR put into practice Marxist ideas (communism) with the establishment of a proletariat dictatorship.

• Political power was held by the soviets, which had the power to make laws and choose the people who held executive power.
• The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the only political party, representing the interests of the workers.

Economy

Lenin was forced to postpone the implementation of socialism due to food shortages caused by the civil war. The New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed some capitalist systems. Peasants could sell their produce, and small private artisan shops were set up. The state... Continue reading "The Creation and Art of the USSR" »

The European Union: A Historical Overview

Multidimensional Missions

Effective consent-based missions often include:

• Election monitoring
• Human rights training
• Police reform
• Mine clearing
• Security training
• Refugee resettlement
• Monetary reconstruction

Organizing Regionally

The European Union (EU), a centuries-old idea, was championed by Jean Monnet, one of its founders. Monnet believed that post-World War II economic integration could further undermine the weakened forces of nationalism. The EU's creation and development began as a functionalist idea, with some advocating for a more federalist approach. It can be viewed as a response to the pitfalls of the capitalist "race to the bottom."

Birth of the European Union

• 1951: European Coal and Steel Community:

- The 'world anthropologies' project wants to contribute to the articulation of a diversified anthropology that is more aware of the social, epistemological, and political conditions of its own production.

- The network has three main goals:

1. to examine critically the international dissemination of anthropology (whose work is funded and published and who's not) and the processes through which this dissemination takes place (who controls the publishing industry and which form of ethnography is recognized);
2. to contribute to the development of a plural landscape of anthropologies that is both less shaped by metropolitan hegemonies (academic English for example) and more open to the potential of globalization for a multiplicity of languages (the language

Women on Top in New Sales Industry Survey

Read the article and match each of these headings (a-h) to one of the paragraphs (1-8).

1. Motivation
2. Professionalism
3. TV
4. Personal qualities
5. Main finding of the survey
6. Why women make the best salespeople
7. What the survey asked
8. The woman who would make the best salesperson

Over Half of Business Owners Feeling Increasingly Stressed

Read the article and answer the following questions.

What is the difference between these groups of countries in terms of reasons for high-level stress?

1. China, Vietnam, Mexico, India, and Turkey (high growth is expected from these countries)
2. Ireland, Spain, and Greece (economy is shrinking in these countries)

According to Alex MacBeath, how do business leaders experience stress differently in

Defining Prejudice and Discrimination

Key Forms of Bigotry

• Religious Bigotry: Using religion to discriminate against others.
• Anti-Semitism: Prejudice, discrimination, or hatred directed towards Jewish people.
• Xenophobia: The fear or dislike of someone because they are from another country.
• Discrimination: Making a difference in treatment based on factors other than individual character. This can occur even without personal prejudice.

Theories Behind Prejudice and Social Division

• Situational Pressure: People's actions under pressure do not always match their chosen public personas or beliefs.
• Group Gains: When one group intentionally keeps another group separate and oppressed to maintain its own elevated status.
• Institutional Structure: When prejudice

Style: typical way of writing used by one particular person. It can refer to choice of words, tone, grammar, and narrative techniques.

Tone: general feeling or attitude toward the subject expressed in a piece of writing. It rather refers to the emotional or sensual content of a text. It creates a certain mood.

Register: choice of words, style, and grammar used by writers in a particular social context. It often reflects social status of the people. There are rules about what register is appropriate in particular situations.

Style

• formal - formal expressions, foreign words, specialist terms, objectivity, detachment, politeness, complete and complex sentences
• informal - informal and colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, simple sentences, subjectivity,

21st Century Migration: A Perilous Journey

Today, society is increasingly aware of the profound challenges of immigration. While migration has always existed, the movement between countries is intensifying due to the desperate conditions many people are living in.

Why People Migrate: Seeking Safety and Opportunity

Fundamentally, people migrate because their home countries are unsafe, marked by poor conditions and prevalent illnesses. This journey, however, is incredibly dangerous.

Perilous Journeys: Sea Crossings and Documentation Challenges

First, groups often attempt to board precarious dinghies, then they must survive the perilous sea crossing. In addition, upon arrival, they frequently lack proper documentation, risking apprehension by authorities... Continue reading "Global Migration and Mallorca's Housing Crisis: Urgent Humanitarian Concerns" »

Fashion's Influence on Social Interactions

Fashion plays a significant role in social interactions and status. People often make judgments based on clothing choices, making fashion a central aspect of social gatherings and groups. This is particularly true among youth, where appropriate attire can heavily influence social dynamics and even school attendance. Certain establishments, like workplaces, may enforce dress codes, limiting clothing choices.

Fashion as a Symbol of Profession and Hygiene

Institutions such as hospitals prioritize hygiene and cleanliness, necessitating specific attire for medical professionals. Protective gear, like sanitized scrub suits and gloves, is crucial during surgeries. Similarly, lawyers are often required to wear... Continue reading "The Importance of Fashion in Society" »