Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Identities

Explore the nature of the self and what it is to be human.

• Lifestyles
• Health and wellbeing
• Beliefs and values
• Subcultures
• Language and identity
• What constitutes an identity?
• How do we express our identity?
• What ideas and images do we associate with a healthy lifestyle?
• How do language and culture contribute to form our identity?

Experiences

Explore and tell the stories of the events, experiences and journeys that shape our lives.

• Leisure activities
• Holidays and travel
• Life stories
• Rites of passage
• Customs and traditions
• Migration
• How does travel broaden our horizons?
• How does our past shape our present and our future?
• How and why do different cultures mark important moments in life?
• How would living in another culture affect our worldview?

Human ingenuity

Explore... Continue reading "Exploring Human Identities and Experiences" »

Crinkly

(crujiente): wrinkled, making a rustling sound.

Ridges

(rugosos): raised land on a flat surface.

Cunningly

(astutamente): ability to achieve things in a clever way.

Hold

(resistir): to have or keep in the hand.

Concerned

(preocupado): interested or affected.

Tricks

(engañar): a clever action, as to solve a problem.

Brainchild

(invento): idea or invention that have thought up or created.

Trial

(juicio, prueba): a formal examination of evidence by a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings.

Arty

(pretencioso): making a strong, affected, or pretentious display of being artistic or interested in the arts.

Intended

planned or meant.

Negotiating

: obtain or bring about by discussion.

Folds

(plecs) bend... Continue reading "Exploring the World of Words" »

Leadership Development

Introduction

The Quest for a General Theory of Leadership (GTOL) involves a story about process, and another about product. The story begins with James MacGregor Burns who began thinking more generally about the phenomenon of leadership.

Every year organizations invest considerably in developing their leaders. Annual estimates range from $16.5 billion to over $45 billion for leadership development programs and other supporting management/executive education activities in the United States alone.

One emerging development in the field is that recent global survey data collected by researchers at Developmental Dimensions International suggest that leaders are increasingly dissatisfied with their organization’s development... Continue reading "The Quest for a General Theory of Leadership Development" »

Types of Interest Groups

Economic Interest Groups

Represent businesses, labor unions, and professional associations.

Environmental Interest Groups

Advocate for environmental protection (e.g., Sierra Club, National Wildlife Federation).

Ideological Interest Groups

Promote specific political ideologies or beliefs.

Public Interest Groups

Work for the common good and broader societal benefits.

One-Issue Interest Groups

Focus on a single, specific policy issue.

Interest Group Activities

Lobbying

Directly interacting with policymakers to influence legislation.

Grassroots Lobbying

Mobilizing the public to contact policymakers and express their views.

Electioneering

Supporting candidates and political parties through endorsements and campaign contributions.

Litigation

Filing... Continue reading "Understanding Interest Groups: Key Terms and Concepts" »

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

Origins and Objectives

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) emerged as a global political commitment at the 2005 World Summit. Endorsed by UN members, its core objective is to prevent and halt genocides, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The impetus for R2P stemmed from the international community's failure to effectively respond to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.

Three Pillars of R2P

1. Responsibility to Prevent: States must uphold fundamental principles against mass atrocity crimes, including genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
2. International Assistance and Capacity Building: The international community should provide assistance and support to states struggling to protect their populations.

In relation to the perspective of creative capital, creative capital theory differs in several respects from human capital theory: (1) it identifies a type of human capital, creative people, as the key to economic growth; and (2) it identifies the underlying factors that determine the location decisions of these people, rather than simply saying that regions are blessed with certain endowments of them.

The creative class begins fundamentally with the people Florida calls the creative class. The creative class includes a core group and creative professionals working in a wide range of knowledge-based occupations in high-tech, financial services sectors...

• Some patterns of the creative class: It's moving away from traditional corporate communities.

Unit 1: Principle Theories

1. Realism

The international system is defined by the absence of a central authority (Anarchy).

• States are sovereign and autonomous of each other.
• There is no structure or society to order state relations.
• State power is the key variable of interest. It emphasizes the distribution of coercive material capacity as the determinant of international politics.

Realism Assumptions:

• Survival: The principal goal of every State.
• Rationality: States are rational actors.
• Military Capacity: States should possess military capacity.
• Great Powers: States with economic and military influence are decisive.

2. Institutionalism

It relies on the idea of cooperation between States.... Continue reading "Key Theories in International Relations: Realism & Institutionalism" »

What are the three pillars of the NPT?

a) No acquisition, No Transfer of nuclear weapons

b) Nuclear-weapon-states guarantee non-nuclear-weapon states’ peaceful use of nuclear energy as an inalienable right of all states (Art IV, V).

c) Nuclear-weapon-states undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on nuclear disarmament (Art. VI).

Briefly explain the “Safeguards Agreement”

The Safeguards Agreement serves to allow the IAEA the authority to verify the fulfilment of a concerned country’s obligation under the NPT with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons.

What is the criterion to distinguish between the legitimate nuclear-weapon states and the non-nuclear-weapon states under the NPT?

Non-... Continue reading "Key Aspects of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" »

Theme 1: Matthew Arnold

Matthew Arnold was a famous literary critic, poet, and school inspector. His study of popular culture will focus mainly on culture and anarchy. Besides, he inaugurates a tradition, a particular way of seeing popular culture.

Popular culture is a culture that is widely favored or well-liked by many people. What is not high culture. It is seen as mass culture, an impoverished and devaluated form of culture. It is an “authentic” culture which originates from “the people” (folk culture) and finally, it is the practice of everyday.

His book Culture and Anarchy has had quite an influence on discussions about culture value. In the first chapter from his book, we can know what culture is. Firstly, culture can be related... Continue reading "Matthew Arnold and the Importance of Culture" »

After 1945, European countries found social and political stability due to several factors. One of the factors include a program called the Marshall Plan. It all started with $13 billion donation from the United States government to Western European countries for food, equipment, and money. This money was meant to restore the regular life of the Western Europeans. Aside from economic assistance, the Marshall Plan was part of the U.S. government containment policy. The Marshall Plan aimed to stop the spread of communism. The idea of the U.S. government was to provide support for war-torn countries in order to make them realize that communism was not the best system to adopt. The Marshall Plan’s goals can be summarized into two points.

1. Increase