Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Linguistics and Applied Linguistics: A Complex Relationship

One approach to practical and professional language issues involves connecting them to linguistic principles. Linguistics seeks general patterns in language.

Generative Linguistics and Idealization

Generative linguistics, introduced by Noam Chomsky, emphasizes the representation of language in the mind (competence) over actual language use in everyday life (performance).

Sociolinguistics, Functional Linguistics, and Corpus Linguistics

Sociolinguistics focuses on the relationship between language and society. Functional linguistics examines language as a communication tool. Corpus linguistics has become increasingly important in investigating language use.

Prescribing vs. Describing Language:

Political socialization is the study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors.^[1] It refers to a learning process by which norms and behavior acceptable to a well-running political system are transmitted from one generation to another. It is through the performance of this function that individuals are inducted into the political culture and their orientations towards political objects are formed. These agents of socialization influence to different degrees an individual's political opinions: family, media, peers, education, religion, faith, race, gender, age, and geography. These factors and many others that people are introduced to as they grow up will... Continue reading "Political Socialization: Agents, Influences, and Impact" »

National Sovereignty

Concept that political power governing a country belongs to the people

Citizen

Subject of a country, who has rights and responsibilities

Political Party

Organization of people with a common ideology

Trade Union, Sindicato

Organization that defends worker rights

Parliamentary Monarchy

Type of monarchy in which the king has no real political power

General State Budget, Presupuesto General de Estado

Annual plans for the expenses and income of the state

Motion of Censure

Vote to demand political responsibility from the government, it must induce a candidate for president

Politics

Refers to all activities related to organization and government of human society

Cultural Insights: A Chilean Perspective

Understanding Chilean Culture Through Personal Views

This section delves into various aspects of Chilean culture, offering personal insights and observations.

What is Interesting About Your Culture?

In my country, the idioms are particularly interesting.

Spotting Cultural Differences: An Example

Yes, for example, men are often more gentlemanly in Colombian culture.

Politeness Towards Foreigners in Your Culture

No, because some people can be classist and racist.

Behavioral Differences: Young vs. Older Generations

Young people can appear apathetic, given the ideological differences.

Encounters with Other Cultures

I have encountered Indian culture, which I found to be very patriarchal.

Advice for Newcomers to Chile

I... Continue reading "Chilean Cultural Perspectives: Society, Customs, and Immigration Insights" »

The Need for a European Trade Zone

The Treaty of Rome contained viable proposals for the creation of a European common market. The objective was to create prosperity and unite the EEC, both politically and economically.

Policies related to the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital were established. Common laws were created and a free market was ready to start.

The European common market created economies of scale in manufacturing, research, and innovation.

As production increased, costs would be reduced. In this way, European countries were able to compete more effectively with countries such as the USA or Japan.

The European Union

The Treaty of the European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, was signed in 1992 in Maastricht, allowing... Continue reading "European Union: History, Objectives, and Impact" »

Urban Crowding: Causes and Effects

The fact that the world's cities are getting more and more crowded is well-known. Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paulo, Mumbai, and Shanghai are now considered 'mega-cities' because of their enormous size and huge populations. There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded: one economic, the other socio-cultural.

Economic Factors Driving Urbanization

First, the primary cause of cities becoming so crowded is economic. As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development; thus, jobs are available in these areas. Frankfurt, Istanbul, Mumbai, and Sao Paulo are all the economic centers of their countries. For example, Tokyo was the motor for Japan's rapid economic development... Continue reading "Urban Crowding and the Computer Revolution: Causes and Effects" »

Terrorism: Historical Perspective and Current Realities: Some Data (I)

Some Data from the report “40 years of data on international and domestic terrorism”, Heritage Foundation:

• The psychological impact of the 11/S bombings was huge and might have foreshadowed a new generation of terrorism. Similar bombings in Madrid and London in the coming years seemed to be a confirmation.
• The fact is that the report from the Heritage Foundation from 2011 registered as many as 39 plots foiled since the fateful bombings: “Simply put, the intelligence and law enforcement communities are better able to track down leads in local communities than they were on September 10, 2001”.

Targets and Casualties:

• Bombings which take place in the first world lay larger

TEEN SPIRIT:

• a) p3
• b) p4

2-

• a) F: first we blamed - to 25th years
• b) T: these result - brain's development
• c) F: the truth remains - any easter

3-

• a: transition
• b: concerned
• c: baffled
• d: massive

4-

• 1-c. 2-b, 3-a

SPAIN'S JOBLESS WOMEN BECOME:

• a) p1
• b) p3

2-

• a) F: if you are young - 54.7%
• b) T: in the past decades - the public sector
• c) F: these days - a lot of employees

3-

• a: set up
• b: alternative
• c: resulted in
• d: chance

4-

• 1-c, 2-a, 3-b

TURNING EDUCATION:

• a) p1
• b) p3

2-

• a) T: the principal of clintondale - have visited them
• b) T: it's well known - is booming
• c) F: courses are being - in his garage

3-

• a: available
• b: booming
• c: impressive
• d: displace

4-

• 1-a, 2-b, 3-a

RESEARCH SHIP TRAPPED IN ANTARCTIC:

• a) p2
• b) p3

2-

• a) F: arctic sea ice - in September
• b) F: the reasons for the trends