Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

Past Simple

Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they watched. Translation: I watched.

Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't watch.

Interrogative

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they watch?

Past Continuous

Affirmative

I/he/she/it was watching Translation: I was watching.

we/they/you were watching

Negative

I/he/she/it wasn't watching

we/they/you weren't watching

Present Simple

Affirmative

I/you/we/they play Translation: I play

he/she/it plays

Negative

I/you/we/they don't play

he/she/it doesn't play

Present Continuous

Affirmative

I am reading Translation: I am reading

He/she/it is reading

we/they/you are reading

Negative

I am not reading

He/she/it isn't reading

we/they/you aren't reading

Present Perfect

Affirmative

I/you/we/they have finished Translation: I have finished

he/she/it has finished

Negative

I/... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar Reference" »

Porifera and Cnidarians: Structure

Porifera (sponges) and Cnidarians (anemones, corals, and jellyfish) are simple, aquatic invertebrates.

Porifera (Sponges)

• Mostly marine, some freshwater species
• Bag-shaped body with pores that communicate with the atrial cavity
• The atrial cavity connects with the exterior through the osculum
• High capacity for regeneration

Cnidarians

• Anemones, corals, and jellyfish (all marine), hydra (freshwater)
• Radial symmetry
• Soft body with a single opening surrounded by tentacles
• Stinging cells (cnidocytes)
• Gastrovascular cavity that functions as a stomach
• Carnivorous
• Two forms:
  • Polyps: Tubular, bag-shaped with the opening at the top
  • Medusae: Umbrella-shaped, actively swim or float in the water

Worms: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, and Annelids

Worms... Continue reading "Invertebrate Animals: Characteristics and Classification" »

Verb To Be: Present Simple

The verb "to be" is fundamental in English. Here's its present simple form:

Adverbs of Frequency

These words describe how often something happens:

• 0%: Never
• 20%: Rarely
• 50%: Sometimes
• 70%: Often
• 90%: Usually
• 100%: Always

Family Members

Here are some common family words in English and Spanish:

• Aunt - Tía
• Brother - Hermano
• Children - Niño (Note: "Children" is plural. The singular is "Child")
• Cousin - Primo/a
• Daughter - Hija
• Father

Thriller Night

It's Close to Midnight

It's close to midnight and something evil's lurking in the dark.

Under the moonlight, you see a sight that almost stops your heart.

You try to scream but terror takes the sound before you make it.

You start to freeze as horror looks you right between the eyes.

You're paralyzed.

Thriller Night Begins

'Cause this is thriller, thriller night.

And no one's gonna save you from the beast about to strike.

You know it's thriller, thriller night.

You're fighting for your life inside a killer, thriller tonight.

You hear the door slam and realize there's nowhere left to run.

You feel the cold hand and wonder if you'll ever see the sun.

You close your eyes and hope that this is just imagination.

But all the while you hear the creature... Continue reading "Thriller Night: A Song of Horror and Suspense" »

Key Vocabulary and Their Meanings

• Rented: Tenant.
• Settle: A wooden seat.
• Harm: *Faire mal* (French).
• Bleak: *Ombrívol* (Catalan).
• Farmyard: Corral.
• Realize: To start to understand something.
• Haunt someone: To come back after death to visit someone; ghosts haunt people or places.
• Trembling: Shaking.
• Mistress: The woman in charge of the house.
• Cheated: Something dishonest or unfair.
• Treating: To behave in a certain way towards someone.
• Became lame: *Ser coix* (Catalan).
• Punish: To make somebody suffer because they have done something wrong.
• Swore: To speak very rudely and unpleasantly to someone.
• Ashamed: To feel unhappy or uncomfortable because you think you are not as good as other people.
• Revenge: To harm someone because they have harmed you.
• Pinched: To

7-As nadadeiras dos peixes podem apresentar funções variadas de acordo com adaptações ocorridas ao longo dos tempos. Podem ser usadas para, exceto: Respirar

8- Na reprodução dos vertebrados inferiores, predominam os processos de: Fecundação externa

9-No Aparelho excretor dos peixes, os rins são do tipo: Mesonéfrico

1- Entre os peixes e os primeiros anfíbios foram necessários 40 milhões de anos de lenta e constante evolução.

Todas as alternativas contêm adaptações surgidas durante essa evolução, exceto : Manutenção da pele úmida, Termo regulação.

4- Os únicos animais que apresentam, ao longo da vida, respiração branquial, cutânea e pulmonar são os: Pererecas

7- um animal, vivendo no ambiente terrestre e utilizando a pele... Continue reading "Cola" »

Adaptation of Xylem to its Function

• Long, made from cells joined end to end to form tubes/vessels
• Cell walls thickened with lignin, a hard, strong material
• Lignin makes cell walls waterproof
• Cells have no cytoplasm or organelles (no cell contents)
• No end-to-end walls between cells
• Pits in the walls for water movement between vessels

Define Transpiration

Loss of water vapor from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapor through the stomata.

Leaves have many more stomata in their lower epidermis than they do in their upper epidermis, and most transpiration happens there.

Factors Affecting Transpiration

• The large internal surface area provided by the interconnecting air spaces between