Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

The Crown of Aragón

Institution

The Crown of Aragón was made up of the Catalan counties and the kingdoms of Aragón, Valencia, and Mallorca. Each territory maintained its own laws, institutions, and customs. The king had less power than in Castile. Each territory had its own parliament, and the king needed its approval to raise taxes or pass laws. In Catalonia and Valencia, a Generalitat had an administrative role. An official called the Justícia defended people's rights in Aragón. City councils developed considerable autonomy in the Crown of Aragón. The city council of Barcelona was especially important.

Expansion Across the Mediterranean

Aragón expanded on the Iberian Peninsula, although less than Castile.

• Alfonso I conquered the Ebro Valley.

Topic 2: Information Technology Fundamentals

IT Vocabulary Exercises

Word Matching: Find the Synonyms/Related Terms

• Click
• Sharp
• Back up
• Range
• Displays

Software Terminology Matching

• 1. C
• 2. F
• 3. G
• 4. H
• 5. B
• 6. D
• 7. I
• 8. E
• 9. A

Listening Comprehension: True or False

• (1, 4, 5, 8) = False
• (2, 3, 6, 7) = True

Classifying Phrases for IT Descriptions

• Consist of
• Can be divided into
• Includes
• Is a type of
• There are two classes

Workbook Activities: Computer Components

1. Hardware Parts Identification

• Flat LCD monitor
• Mouse
• DVD Drive
• Printer
• Webcam

2. IT Crossword Puzzle Answers

• 1. Input
• 2. Port
• 3. Keyboard
• 4. CPU
• 5. Peripherals
• 6. Software
• 7. Output
• 8. Drive
• 9. Hardware

3. Computer Device Types (Email Context)

• Laptop
• PDA
• Mainframe
• Tablet PC
• Desktop PC

4. Prepositions for Classification

• Classify into
• Divide

Consequences of Imperialism (Colonies)

Demographic Growth: Increased due to a decrease in mortality thanks to improvements in hygiene and health. However, it also led to starvation and poverty in some regions.

Destruction of Ethnic Structures: Indigenous artisan crafts could not compete with manufactured goods from the colonists and gradually disappeared.

Resource Exploitation: Colonies practiced single-crop agriculture serving the colonial power's domestic needs. Industrialization was suppressed, and colonies primarily provided raw materials and markets. Mining was also significant.

Cultural Imposition: European languages, religions, and cultures were imposed, relegating indigenous cultures to a secondary status.

Artificial Borders: Colonization... Continue reading "Impact of Colonialism: Demographic Shifts, Economic Effects, and Global Conflicts" »

1. The Circulatory System

The circulatory system carries substances via the blood, which circulates through the blood vessels and is pumped by the heart.

1.1 Blood

Human blood is a thick, red liquid composed of plasma and blood cells.

Types of Blood Cells:

• Red Blood Cells: Small cells without a nucleus. They are the most numerous in the body and contain iron. This protein helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• White Blood Cells: Larger and less numerous. They defend our bodies against pathogens and tumor cells.
• Platelets: Are not true cells, but pieces of cytoplasm. They help our bodies to clot.

The Functions of Blood:

• Transport Substances: Transport nutrients and waste substances.
• Regulates Body Temperature: Maintain body temperature by distributing

Between 1870 and 1914, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed global economies, characterized by rapid industrialization driven by the growth of the financial sector and the rise of finance capitalism.

Financial Innovations and Capital Growth

This era saw significant innovations in finance, providing new sources of capital for burgeoning industries:

• Joint-Stock Company: A company formed by individuals who invested by buying shares, receiving a proportionate part of the company’s profits and losses.
• Banks: Financial institutions began to lend money to businesses in return for interest and started investing in shares. These changes fostered a closer union between financial and industrial capital.
• Stock Exchange: A marketplace where shares

What is Economic Activity?

Economic activity encompasses all processes used to obtain goods and services that people need. This includes essentials such as food, clothing, housing, or medical attention.

Phases of Economic Activity

Economic activity is typically divided into three main phases:

• Production

  This phase involves the creation of goods and services.

• Consumption

  This is the process where individuals and households buy and use goods and services to satisfy their economic wants and needs.

• Distribution

  This phase refers to the movement of goods and services from their places of production to the consumer.

Evolution of Payment Methods

Throughout history, various methods have been used for payment:

• Barter
• Natural coins (e.g., shells, salt)
• Metal coins
• Paper

Glossary of Genetics and Cell Biology Terms

Basic Genetic Concepts

Allele

A variant form of a gene.

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Phenotype

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Trait

A specific characteristic of an organism.

Cell Division and Reproduction

Cell Reproduction

The process by which cells produce new cells. In many cases, this involves creating exact copies of the cells they

Accounting Fundamentals: Key Concepts & Transactions

FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

It was fought by various European countries and their African and Asian colonies, the United States, Japan, China, and some Latin American republics.

Causes of the war

Control of the Balkans: The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russian Empire competed for the control of the Balkans. Also, Serbia was angry about the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the area. This led to a crisis. Control of some colonies: France wanted to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine. France and Germany also competed for control of colonies, important for economic expansion, especially Morocco. Great Britain supremacy of its merchant navy threatened: When the German empire, which had become an economic power during the Second Industrial... Continue reading "Causes, Phases, and Consequences of the First World War" »

Understanding Digestion

What is Digestion?

Digestion is the process by which food is transformed into simpler substances (nutrients) so they can be used by our cells. It involves two main processes:

• Mechanical Process: Chewing and the muscular action of organs crush and mix foods with digestive juices.
• Chemical Process: Digestive enzymes in digestive juices cause chemical reactions that break food into simple substances.

Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion

The digestive system employs both mechanical and chemical digestion:

• Mechanical: Mouth
• Chemical: Stomach, liver, small and large intestine

Swallowing: The Process

Swallowing allows substances to pass from the mouth to the pharynx. It involves three main stages:

1. The bolus is moved to the oral cavity as