Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Present simple: verb normal and only add -es/-s in 3rd person singular. In negative, add don't or doesn't.

Dividing the World

Globalization has extended the culture and way of life of the USA and some European countries to the rest of the world.

The world today can be divided into two main parts:

• Central areas
• Peripheral areas

Global cities (New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Frankfurt) are the main decision-making centers for multinational companies, large banks, and important international organizations.

Support for Globalization

Arguments in favor of globalization:

• Globalization promotes the exchange of goods, services, capital, and people.
• This process benefits all countries and individuals.
• Globalization can bring people, countries, and cultures closer together.
• Globalization leads to greater cooperation.
• The transmission of data enriches the lives of individuals.

The Communist World (1945-1982)

General Characteristics

• Political System: Dictatorship of the proletariat. The common interest was prioritized over individual rights and freedom.
• Countries established institutions that merged executive and legislative powers, allowing only the existence of a single party: the communist party.
• Economy: Controlled by the state.
  • Collectivized land
  • Nationalized industry and services
  • Controlled the market and prices
• Economic Performance:
  • 1945-1960: Recovered from the war crisis.
  • Post-1960: Economic slowdown due to:
    • Low productivity
    • Lack of economic incentives
    • Technological backwardness compared to the West
    • Lack of consumer products leading to rationing
• Communist Society:
  • In theory: Egalitarian and classless.
  • In practice: Significant

The Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector encompasses activities that do not produce material goods but provide services to individuals, companies, and the government. This sector is a key indicator of a country's economic development and employs a significant portion of the workforce in developed nations.

Importance of the Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector plays a crucial role in modern economies. In developed countries, it provides jobs for approximately 60% of the active population. For instance, in Spain, it accounts for 76% of employment and over 72% of GDP. A thriving tertiary sector is a hallmark of a developed economy, often accompanied by a welfare state.

Classification of Services

Services within the tertiary sector can be categorized...

Heart Anatomy and Function

Chambers and Valves

The heart is a muscular, hollow organ divided into four chambers:

• Upper Chambers (Atria): Left atrium and right atrium.
• Lower Chambers (Ventricles): Left ventricle and right ventricle.

Between the atrium and ventricle, the atrioventricular valve allows blood flow from the atrium to the ventricle but prevents backflow. The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is bicuspid, while the valve between the right atrium and ventricle is tricuspid.

Blood Circulation

Cardiac Cycle

• Atrial Systole: Atria contract, pumping blood into the ventricles through open atrioventricular valves.
• Ventricular Systole: Ventricles contract, sigmoid valves open, and blood flows into the pulmonary artery and aorta. Atrioventricular

Anesthesia: A Medical Revolution

Anesthesia, a medical marvel discovered in 1846 by William Thomas Morton, has revolutionized surgery. It allows doctors to perform operations faster and painlessly, benefiting patients in countless ways.

Types of Anesthesia

Anesthesia comes in various forms, including injections, inhaled gases, and vapors. Each type affects the nervous system differently, blocking nerve impulses and preventing pain.

Benefits of Anesthesia

Anesthesia has made modern medicine possible. It enables surgeons to perform complex procedures with precision and reduces patient discomfort.

The Walking Dead: A Thrilling Horror Drama

Synopsis

The Walking Dead, an acclaimed American horror drama, depicts a post-apocalyptic world overrun by zombies....

Response Through Action (TPR):

Even in our mother tongue, we do not always respond to a linguistic message with another linguistic message. Very often, the fact of doing something is an adequate response to a message just received. So, a physical answer is also a way to prove partial or total comprehension (when the child hears 'Come here', he/she does not answer 'I'm coming'. He/she simply does it).

Besides, we often understand more than we are able to speak so in the first steps learning a language, a physical response plays an especially significant role.

Teach Full Subjects in English (CLIL):

CLIL refers to teaching subjects to students through a foreign language and suggests equilibrium between content and language learning. The non-language...

The Founding of Rome: Between Myth and Reality

The traditional date for the founding of the greatest city of the Western world was the product of guesswork by Roman writers of the late centuries BC, working backward from their own time. There were reports of kings of Rome in the early days before the last of them, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled and the Roman Republic was founded, which was believed to have happened in 510 BC. Allowing for the reigns of Tarquin's predecessors carried the calculation back some two to three hundred years. After ranging shots by various writers, the author Varro, greatly respected for his learning in the first century BC, settled on the year 753 BC, which became the accepted, official date. All subsequent dates...

Key Business & Finance Terms

1. Bargain

Something that is of very good quality but relatively inexpensive.

2. Change

The money that someone gives back to you when you pay more than something actually costs.

3. Currency

The system or type of money that a country uses.

4. Discount

Something you buy that costs much less than normal.

5. Entrepreneur

Someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks.

6. Fair Trade

The activity of making, buying, and selling goods in a way that is morally right.

7. Loan

An amount of money that you borrow from a bank, etc.

8. Mortgage

A legal arrangement by which you borrow money from a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and pay...

Artwork Analysis: Classification Fundamentals

Briefly, you must always point out the following elements:

• The Kind of Artwork: Identify the medium represented (e.g., building, painting, sculpture).
• Specific Details and Technique: Add details like the type of building or the technique used (e.g., fresco, oil painting, watercolor, engraving, standalone sculpture, relief, bas-relief, high-relief, sitting statue, praying statue, lying statue, riding statue).
• Identification: Name, author, and date, if known.
• Subject or Theme: The theme represented in the image, if any.
• Style and Context: Style, trend, movement, or school.

Analyzing the Author/Artist

A short biography (four or five lines) must be written. Avoid irrelevant details, focusing on essential elements...