Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Estate-Based Society

Society was divided into three estates:

• Nobility: Held significant power.
• Clergy: Possessed less power than the nobility.
• Third Estate: Comprised of the bourgeoisie, city workers, and peasants; they had few rights and paid substantial taxes.

Causes of the War of Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession stemmed from several causes, primarily the death of Charles II without a direct heir. This led England and Austria to form a Grand Alliance opposing the recognition of Philip V as King of Spain, as they supported Charles of Austria.

Consequences of the War

The primary consequence was the recognition of Philip V as King of Spain. However, Spain and France agreed to remain separate entities. Spain lost territories including... Continue reading "18th Century Spain: Social Structure, War, and Rebellion" »

The Reign of Fernando VII and Isabel II (1820-1868)

Fernando VII: Absolutism and Liberalism

The Trienio Liberal (1820-1823)

• In 1820, troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego revolted against Fernando VII and restored the Constitution of 1812.
• This period marked the start of the Trienio Liberal, characterized by conflict between moderate liberals and radical liberals (or Exaltados).
• In 1823, Spanish volunteers, known as the Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis, invaded Spain and restored the absolutist throne.

The Ominous Decade (1823-1833)

The restoration of absolutism marked the start of the Década Ominosa.

The Succession Crisis and the First Carlist War

Fernando VII died in 1833. The succession was determined by the Pragmática Sanción, which replaced the Salic... Continue reading "Spain's 19th Century: Liberalism, Carlist Wars, and Latin American Independence" »

Enhancing Writing: Descriptive Verbs and Actions

Verbs Describing Emotional Expression

• Crying:
  • Sob: Cry noisily, making loud, convulsive gasps.
  • Whine: A long, high-pitched complaining cry.
  • Grieve: Feel intense sorrow (a feeling of deep distress).
  • Moan: A long, low sound made by a person expressing physical or mental suffering or sexual pleasure.
• Laughing:
  • Grin: Smile broadly.
  • Giggle: Laugh lightly and repeatedly in a silly way, often from amusement, nervousness, or embarrassment.
  • Roar: A loud outburst of laughter.

Verbs Describing Communication

• Talking:
  • Mutter: Talk or grumble in secret or in private.
  • Gossip: Casual or unconstrained conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details that are not confirmed as being true.
  • Argue: Give reasons

^{Correction fluid is a white liquid. The organic solvent was originally used as an ingredient in the product. This solvent is readily absorbed by the lungs via inhalation. It has been replaced by a safer alternative for painting over mistakes. A brush (which was later replaced by a foam applicator) is attached to the cap, so when the bottle is closed, the brush is immersed in the fluid. When unscrewed, the brush is covered in liquid which is then painted over the mistake. However, it is still possible to see that the product has been used, and also the original content if the paper is held up to a light.}

Functions of Language

• Expresiva or emotiva: expresses feelings
• Funcion apelativa: incites the receiver
• Representativa: provides information
• Poetica

Infinitive          Past Simple          Past Participle

leave                left                                  left     

lend                  lent                                 lent

let                     let                                   let

lie                     lay                                  lain

lose                  lost                                 lost

make                made                             made

meet                 met                                met

pay                   paid                    ... Continue reading "Irregular Verbs in English: A Comprehensive Guide" »

The Impact of Mass Tourism on Global Industries

Over time, tourism has become one of the major global industries in the world. Tourism is fundamentally defined as travel away from one's home. This definition perfectly describes the action that takes place in coastal areas where tourists seek new environments, such as warm temperatures or novel activities.

This analysis will examine the advantages and disadvantages of this specific kind of travel, known as mass tourism, and provide a logical conclusion.

Key Advantages of Mass Tourism

The two main advantages of mass tourism are the significant creation of new local jobs and the development of economic activity in these areas.

1. Economic Development and Income Generation

   Tourism is a critical source of

Spain's Diverse Coastal Regions

• Mediterranean Coast & Balearic Islands

  Includes the coastline from Cape of Creus to the Strait of Gibraltar.

• Cantabrian Coast (North)

  Located along the northern edge of the peninsula.

• Atlantic Coast (West)

  This Atlantic sector has two parts: Galician and Andalusian.

• Canary Islands Coastline

  Features a variety of coastlines with beaches and cliffs.

Prominent Mountain Ranges of Spain

Major External Mountain Systems

• The Pyrenees

  Located between Spain, Andorra, and France, featuring Mount Aneto.

• Basque Mountains

  Low mountains that connect the Cantabrian Mountain Range with the Pyrenees.

• Catalan Coastal Range

  Located in front of the Mediterranean Sea.

• Betic Systems: Penibetic & Subbetic

  Located in the southeast of the peninsula,

testo past p/ continuos

h. Told/ h.B waiting/h. Drunk/h. Arranged/ h. A. Parked/h.B. Sitting/h. Sent/ h.A. Collected/h. Had/ h. Eaten/ h.E. thought/ h.A. Started.

complete using future continuos/ perfect 4 frasi

1. Will you be doing/ will be sitting 2. Will have studied/ will have lived/ will have been 3. Will have travelled 4. Will be playing /will be watching/will be complaining/will be doing

2 box verbi e proposizioni

starting at, live on, always complain about,rely on, don't speak to, Do you really belive in, listen to, pay for, apologise to, look after, Have you heard about, dream of.

passivo e attivo

It was thought that he was spending when he... , Nobody is belived to had been killed... , K.M is supposed to open the new child, The summer is... Continue reading "I choose to live" »

Setting

In time and place: Small town, everyone from the area goes to the same unique school. Kids from different family backgrounds merge

Symbols

The dolls house: represents power, wealth, and privilege. Excuse for segregation to the Kelveys, but a point of union between Kezia and them

The smell: 'But perfect, perfect little house! Who could possibly mind the smell. It was part of the joy, part of the newness'

Metaphor

People and things can look perfect on the outside and be the contrary on the inside

Rite of passage

1. Separation (mistreatment to the Kelveys) 'the Kelveys were shunned by everyone' 'Can I ask the Kelveys just once? Certainly no'
2. Then liminality (in-betweenness) 'You can come and see our dolls house if you want to'
3. And finally aggregation.

How to Write a Thesis Statement

Features of the Analytical Genre

1. Never use personal pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our, you, etc.).
2. No rhetorical questions.
3. Do not use figurative language yourself.
4. No contractions (don't = do not).
5. Events in the novel are written in present tense ("Falk goes to Gretchen's").

Structure of an Analytical Essay

Purpose of an Analytical Essay

1. The entire purpose of an analytical essay is to respond (answer) to an essay-question analyzing evidence to support/justify your response.
2. In order to respond (answer) the essay question, you must create your thesis statement.
3. Your thesis statement is your response to the question. It is the purpose of your essay. It will dictate what you write in your body paragraphs.

Thesis Statements

1. A