Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

Central Nervous System

Cerebrum

The cerebrum interprets information sent by sensory receptors, regulates muscle activity, and is involved in emotional and intellectual processes. It has two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum, which is made up of neuron axons. The cerebrum also has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex.

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

The thalamus and hypothalamus produce hormones and control the endocrine system.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls motor coordination, posture, and balance. It has two hemispheres and a central zone.

Brainstem

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It includes the medulla oblongata, which regulates blood pressure, heartbeat, and respiration.

Hemispheric Specialization

There... Continue reading "Human Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Disorders" »

The Regency of María Cristina (1833-1840)

Isabella II became Queen at only three years old. Consequently, her mother, María Cristina, became regent. The first government was very conservative, but the Carlist Wars (1833-1840) forced the regent to embrace liberalism. Initially, Maria Cristina supported moderate liberals, who implemented minor reforms.

Maria Cristina appointed Juan Álvarez Mendizabal as president. He:

• Abolished the Ancient Regime
• Implemented fiscal reforms
• Dissolved manorialism
• Initiated a disentailment of property and confiscation of Church property
• Abolished the Mesta and guilds

These changes triggered military uprisings, popular revolts, and the mutiny of "La Granja" in 1836, along with uprisings by liberals and complaints from... Continue reading "María Cristina & Espartero: Regency in Spain (1833-1843)" »

Sound, Noise & Silence

Essentially, music is sound and the way it orders tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity. Sound is produced when an object vibrates, and it is what can be perceived by a living organism through its sense of hearing. It travels through physical mediums by sound waves, and it is normally a pleasant feeling.

Noise is a disagreeable auditory experience, but this is a subjective definition (for instance, most percussion instruments produce noises when they are played). Anyway, the physical difference between sound and noise is the sort of waves: sound waves are regular, while in noise, the wave is irregular.

Finally, silence is the... Continue reading "Understanding Sound, Noise, and Silence: Key Qualities Explained" »

Imperialism and Its Consequences

Imperialism: The European colonial expansion of the struggle between capitalist nations for the domination of the system.

Jewel in the Crown: The possession of India by the English empire, leading it to consolidate itself as a great imperial power.

Mother Country: The imperialist state that depends on a colony and which occupied all aspects of power, such as political, military, economic, cultural, and social power.

Tribal: Groups of elders led by chiefs who usually shared the same customs and beliefs.

Trenches: Holes in the ground where soldiers shot and defended themselves in World War I.

Colonies: Territories where weak local power allowed the mother countries to control all aspects of the country: economic, political,... Continue reading "Imperialism and the First World War: Impacts and Aftermath" »

The Circulatory System

1. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients to and from the cells in the body. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood.

2. The function of the internal environment is to give nutrients needed to cells. It is located in the interstitial fluid.

3. Blood carries nutrients that go from the blood vessels to the interstitial fluid. Cells found in tissues exchange substances with the interstitial fluid.

4. Cells get rid of waste products with the help of the interstitial fluid that collects this.

5. Cells would not obtain nutrients.

6.1. It transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells. 2. It removes waste: CO2, urea, salts. 3. Defends the organism against infections. 4. Helps to control body... Continue reading "Understanding the Circulatory System" »

It was a bleak winter’s day, and the snow had come early. The grass glistened like a carpet of crushed diamonds in the early morning sunshine. The air smelled pure and fresh. Everything seemed quieter, almost muffled. There was a sense of serenity in the atmosphere.

Feeling numb and wet, tired, and exhausted, he made his way along the path through the trench. His fingers ached in the winter wind as he clenched and unclenched them, trying to keep the feeling in their tips. He was a tall, slim man with a long face, a nose like a pin, and a thin, sandy moustache. He had a face like a lion’s and an eye like a hawk’s. His name was Fred.

As Fred trudged through the icy and frozen passageways, he nodded and weakly smiled at the soldiers that were... Continue reading "The Stench of War: A Soldier's Tale" »

CAMINO DE SANTIAGO

pilgrimage route which continue existing, it became a major pilgrimage route in 11th century because of the invasion of Europe.

PRE-ROMANESQUE ART

period in European art, which emerged from Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th to 11th century.

RENAISSANCE OF URBAN LIFE

began in the 11th century, the population grew and new population centers developed in ancient Roman cities or in new cities.

BOROUGHS

new neighborhoods for craftsmen and merchants, they were also surrounded by walls, these new parts or cities appeared since the 11th century.

BOURGEOISIE

people who live in the borough and became a new social group, formed by aristocracy and traders.

URBAN ARISTOCRACY

the route of the richest families in a medieval city, they belonged... Continue reading "Medieval Urban Development and Cultural Movements" »

European Language Families

Slavic Languages

South Slavic:

• Slovenian
• Croatian
• Bosnian
• Serbian
• Bulgarian
• Macedonian
• Old Church Slavonic (Extinct)

Note: These languages were formerly grouped under Yugoslavia. Montenegrin is a sub-national variety.

East Slavic:

• Russian
• Belarusian
• Ukrainian
• Rusyn

Note: Rusyn and Ruthenian are considered sub-national varieties. The terms "Great Russian" and "Little Russian" (referring to Ukrainian) are extinct and considered offensive, as they imply Ukrainian language subordination.

West Slavic:

• Polish
• Czech
• Slovak
• Sorbian
• Kashubian
• Polabian (Extinct)

Note: Kashubian and Lachian are considered sub-national varieties. Slovincian is another extinct West Slavic language.

Germanic Languages

East Germanic:

• Gothic (Extinct)

North Germanic:

• Danish
• Swedish
• Norwegian
• Icelandic
• Faroese

West

Top Energy-Producing Countries in Africa

In Africa, there is a diverse range of energy sources and production capabilities. Several countries play a significant role in meeting the continent's energy needs and driving economic development:

• Natural Gas

  • Algeria

    Algeria is the largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Nigeria

    Nigeria is the second-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to other parts of Africa and Europe.

  • Egypt

    Egypt is the third-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Libya

    Libya is the fourth-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Mozambique

    Mozambique is the fifth-largest producer