Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Marketing Fundamentals and Definitions

What is Market Segmentation?

It is the division of the prospective market into different groups according to age, sex, social status, buying capability, and so on.

What items make up a Company Marketing Plan?

A marketing plan typically includes:

• Product conception and development
• Promotion
• Pricing
• Packaging

When does Market Research take place?

It takes place when manufacturers need to offer customers exactly what they want.

Which are the Traditional Means of Advertising?

Traditional advertising media include:

• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Radio
• TV
• Hoardings (Billboards)
• Leaflets
• Brochures

What is the Task of Advertising?

It is to inform the public that a certain product is available and to persuade them to buy that product and not... Continue reading "Marketing, Media, and Communication History Fundamentals" »

The American Revolution: Q&A

Key Events and Figures

1. Purpose of the Declaration

The main purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to declare the separation of the United States from Britain.

2. The Patriot Spy

Nathan Hale was the patriot spy during the fight for New York.

3. Turning Point Battle

The Battle of Saratoga was a major turning point in the Revolution in the Middle States.

4. First Treaty of Alliance

France was the first country to sign a treaty of alliance with the U.S.

5. Sections of the Declaration

The Declaration of Independence is divided into the Preamble and three main sections that state some general ideas about society and government.

6. Native American Actions

Most Native American groups sided with the British during the... Continue reading "American Revolution: Key Battles, Figures, and Impact" »

Seljuk Turks

A group who conquered Palestine in 1073 and began to persecute Christians who visited.

Second Crusade

The second crusade was an effort to retake Edessa and was a disaster. It was led by King Louis VII and Emperor Conrad III.

Third Crusade

Led by Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, and Frederick Barbarossa.

Cathedra

The word for the bishop's chair.

Chancel

The word for the choir area.

Sic et Non

A famous work by Peter Abelard.

Summa Theologica

A 21-volume work by St. Thomas Aquinas.

St. Bonaventure

A saint who distrusted St. Thomas Aquinas's theological system.

Abbot Suger

The person who designed St. Denis Cathedral.

Trivium

Rhetoric, logic, and grammar.

Quadrivium

Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Chartres

The most outstanding example of Gothic... Continue reading "Key Figures and Events in Medieval History" »

A Retrieved Reformation Questions

1. Jimmy's Plans Clue

   Which of Jimmy’s actions gives a clue to his plans for continuing to crack safes?

   Answer: B. He goes to his room to pick up his burglar’s tools.

2. Jimmy's Character

   Jimmy wears fancy clothes, eats well, and robs banks for quick money. What does this tell you about him?

   Answer: B. He likes “the good life.”

3. Ben Price's Interest

   Why is Ben Price interested in Jimmy Valentine?

   Answer: B. Ben Price wants to arrest Jimmy.

4. Jimmy's Reaction Prediction

   What can you predict that Jimmy will do when he notices Annabel coming out of the bank?

   Answer: A. He will find a way to meet her.

5. Shoe Business Reason

   Why does Jimmy Valentine decide to go into the shoe business?

   Answer: A. He likes fancy clothes.

6. Plot Element

Distinguishing Similar English Words

Understanding the subtle differences between similar words can greatly improve your English vocabulary and communication skills. Here's a breakdown of several commonly confused words:

Words Implying Falsehood

• FALSE: Not real.
• SPURIOUS: Not real.
• COUNTERFEIT: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive, especially of money and documents.
• FAKE: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive.
• BOGUS: Made in close imitation of something else, implying a negative value judgment.
• PHONY: Not real or true, always intended to deceive, implying a negative value judgment and arousing suspicion.
• MOCK: Made in close imitation of something else, intended as a substitute for the

Globalisation: Economic Integration & Causes

Globalisation refers to the increasing integration of national economies into a worldwide market economy. Key causes include:

• Progress in Telecommunications: Enables real-time information exchange across the globe.
• Improved Transport: Facilitates the global transfer of goods and people efficiently.
• Widespread Capitalism & Neoliberal Ideals: Promotes market-driven economic policies and free trade.

Earth's External Structure: Layers & Components

The Earth's external structure is composed of several interconnected layers:

• Lithosphere: Includes the crust and upper mantle; it is the Earth's solid outer layer.
• Hydrosphere: Encompasses all water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and ice.
• Atmosphere:

Personal Adjectives: Describing Character

A comprehensive list of adjectives used to describe personality and character traits:

• A: affectionate, aggressive, ambitious, arrogant, assertive.
• C: calm, caring, charming, committed, competitive, confident, conscientious, contrary, curious.
• D: discerning.
• E: empathetic, energetic, extrovert.
• F: fallible, frank.
• G: glib, guilty.
• H: hardworking, heartfelt, high-spirited, honest.
• I: idealistic, impatient, independent, insecure.
• L: loyal.
• M: modest.
• N: narrow-minded.
• O: obstinate, open-minded.
• P: perceptive, persistent, playful, powerful, practical, proud.
• Q: quiet, quick-tempered.
• R: rebellious, reliable, rewarding, ridicule (Note: typically a noun/verb).
• S: self-conscious, self-opinionated, self-righteous, sensible,

American Space Travel: Milestones and Missions

In 1958, the U.S. Government formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to be responsible for the American space program. However, the Americans weren't the first people to fly into space. In 1961, a Russian cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, became the first person to fly around the Earth. His flight took 108 minutes.

In 1961, President Kennedy challenged NASA to send a man to the Moon and return him safely to Earth. In 1969, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins started their journey to the Moon in Apollo 11. On July 20th, 1969, the entire world watched as Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon.

In 1996, NASA sent a spacecraft to Mars, named Mars Pathfinder.... Continue reading "Pioneers, Pirates, and Paranormal Tales" »

English Verb Tenses: Active and Passive Voice

Past Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + past participle
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle + ?

Passive Voice

• Present Simple: writes ~ is written
• Past Simple: wrote ~ was written
• Future (will): will write ~ will be written
• Present Continuous: is writing ~ is being written
• Past Continuous: was writing ~ was being written
• Present Perfect: has written ~ has been written
• Past Perfect: had written ~ had been written
• Be going to: is going to write ~ is going to be written
• Modal Verbs: can write ~ can be written

Past Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + past participle
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle + ?

Most living things obtain their energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured through photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis in 2 Stages

1. Pigments in the leaves' cells (chlorophyll) capture or absorb the sun's energy, which is used to power the second stage. The leaf cells also need water (absorbed through roots) and carbon dioxide (that enters through small openings on the undersides of leaves called stomata).
2. Inside the chloroplasts, water and carbon dioxide are transformed into glucose and oxygen. Plants use glucose for food and store what they don't need as starch (energy for later use) and cellulose (that makes up the cell walls). Oxygen and water exit the leaf through the stomata.

Stomata

Carbon dioxide enters the plant... Continue reading "Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration in Plants" »