Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

Unit 5: Personality and Socialization

Concept of Socialization

Socialization is the incorporation of a subject's culture, which exists insofar as it has been acquired by individuals in a group or society.

According to Rocher:

Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn and internalize socio-cultural factors from their environment throughout their lives. These factors integrate into the structure of their personality, influenced by social experiences and significant actors, leading to adaptation within their social environment.

Cases of Failed Socialization

A wild child, for example, is someone who enters human social life late, hindering the learning of basic behaviors and habits, despite the absence of birth defects. They often exhibit... Continue reading "Personality, Socialization, and Social Control" »

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization... Continue reading "Social Development and Community Work: Perspectives and Objectives" »

Concept of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse refers to the modification of behavior that conditions continued drug use. There are two main types:

• Psychological Dependence: This is characterized by an obsessive concern with obtaining and consuming drugs. Individuals experience pleasure in using drugs and anguish at the thought of not being able to obtain them. This creates a habit of taking drugs that is perceived as necessary for their well-being.
• Physical Dependence: This involves measurable and reproducible physiological changes that occur due to chronic exposure to a drug. These changes become apparent when drug use is abruptly stopped.

Several variables influence the initiation and continuation of drug dependence:

• Substance-Related Factors: Availability,

Mosston's Spectrum of Teaching Styles

The spectrum is a unified theory of teacher behavior and student learning, a complete structure for understanding the processes of teaching and learning. The structure of the spectrum comes from the premise: instruction is a decision-making chain. Each teaching act is the result of a previous decision.

1. Focus on Teaching Behavior: The spectrum focuses on what the teacher says and does with students. The teacher's behavior creates the learning environment and influences student responses.
2. Teaching Style vs. Personality: A teaching style is about the teacher's behavior in class, not personality or philosophy. Teachers can learn to use all teaching styles effectively. Mastering more styles makes a teacher more

1. Types of Emergencies

A. Crisis

A crisis involves frail and troubled circumstances, stemming from internal or external sources, that disrupt a system's balance and normalcy, leading to disorganization.

B. Accident

An accident affects a specific segment of the population, easily defined by a nominal variable (e.g., car occupants, event attendees, building tenants). The broader community remains unaffected, and response systems can act freely.

C. Disaster

A disaster indiscriminately affects everyone, disrupting daily life. Examples include a nuclear power plant leak, a toxic cloud, or widespread flooding. Institutional response systems may also be affected but can still potentially help.

D. Catastrophe

A catastrophe is an unexpected event affecting... Continue reading "Emergency and Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Types of Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis: Propositions, attempts on possible relationships between two or more variables.

• Descriptive Hypothesis Value: Sometimes used in descriptive studies to try to predict a datum or more variables to be measured.
• Correlational: Provides that two or more variables are linked.
• Group Difference: Aiming investigations were made to compare groups.
• Grounds: The relationship between variables is given by cause and effect, there is always an independent variable and a dependent one.
• Null Hypotheses: They are the reverse of the research hypothesis, it serves to refute or deny what the research hypothesis states.
• Alternative Hypotheses: They alternate between research hypothesis possibilities and the null hypothesis.

Types

Human Nature and Culture

Human Nature Coincides with the Genetic Heritage of Humanity

Human behavior would not be possible without the influence of culture. Human behavior has a genetic basis but is developed and made concrete in the company of others.

Human Behavior: The Relationship of an Animal's Activity with its Environment

Each animal responds appropriately to the demands of the environment where it lives and reacts to specific stimuli that promote or threaten its survival. Such behavior may be innate or acquired.

Innate Behavior

When behavior is innate, it is hereditary in origin, fixed, and programmed. Reflexes and instincts are the two most important forms of innate behavior.

• Reflexes: Innate motor responses caused by sensory stimulation.

Memory Disorders

Amnesia

Amnesia is the inability to retain or retrieve information, a significant memory disorder. It can stem from organic or emotional causes and may be caused by a shock to the brain.

Chronological Classification of Memory

Anterograde Amnesia

Also called amnesia of fixation, this refers to the inability to learn new information after the onset of a disorder (usually organic) causing amnesia. The patient forgets at the same pace as events unfold. By definition, it concerns recent memory. It is usually reversible, except in some post-traumatic amnesia, Korsakoff syndrome, and irreversible cases of advanced dementia.

Retrograde Amnesia

This is the inability to recall previously learned information after the onset of a disorder (usually... Continue reading "Memory Disorders: Amnesia, Hypermnesia, and More" »

Social Structure and Stratification

• Social Structure: Individuals and organizations that make up society.
• Social Hierarchy: Groups of people ranked based on income, wealth, status, or power.
• Intergenerational Mobility: Changes in social status between generations within a family.
• Social Stratification: Division of society into classes based on power.
• Social Mobility: Movement of individuals or groups within the social hierarchy.
• Meritocracy: System where power is held by those with the most ability.
• Feminization of Poverty: Growing gap between women and men in economic deprivation.

Culture and Society

• Culture: Arts and intellectual achievements of a society.
• Ethnocentrism: Evaluating other cultures based on one's own cultural standards.
• Socialization:

Labor Motivation and Theories

Multiple Choice Questions

Section 1

1. The motivation is:
   1. Security.
   2. The money.
   3. The recognition.
   4. All of the above.
2. The first level of motivation theories covers:
   1. Social needs.
   2. Basic needs.
   3. Security needs.
   4. Self-realization.
3. ILO stands for:
   1. Internal Labor Organization.
   2. International Labor Organization.
   3. International Love Organization.
   4. None of the above.
4. Notes the correct expression:
   1. The goals of a worker in a developed country are radically different from a worker in a developing country.
   2. The goals of a worker in a developed country are the same as a worker in a developing country.
   3. The goals of a worker in a developed country are slightly different from a worker in a developing country.
   4. None of the above.
5. The term mobbing means:
   1. Sexual harassment.