Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Ethical Leadership and Workplace Politics Effects

Political behavior at work moderates the effects of ethical leadership. One study found male employees were more responsive to ethical leadership and showed the most citizenship behavior when levels of both politics and ethical leadership were high. Women, on the other hand, appeared most likely to engage in citizenship behavior when the environment was consistently ethical and apolitical.

Defensive Behaviors in Political Environments

When employees see politics as a threat, they often respond with defensive behaviors—reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change. In the short run, employees may find that defensiveness protects their self-interest, but in the long run, it... Continue reading "Workplace Politics, Ethical Leadership & Employee Behavior" »

Causes of Violence

Several factors contribute to violent behavior:

1. Human Evolution and Instinct: Evolutionary factors and inherent aggression.
2. Substance Abuse: The influence of alcohol and drugs.
3. Handguns and Firearms: Access and use of weapons.
4. Socialization and Upbringing: Early life experiences and learned behaviors.
5. Exposure to Violence: Witnessing or experiencing violence.
6. Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence: Societal norms that accept or promote violence.

Rape: Definition and Context

Rape is legally defined as "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will."

Population density significantly influences rape rates. Metropolitan areas generally have higher rape rates than rural areas, although urban areas have seen a more substantial... Continue reading "Understanding Violence: Causes, Types, and Factors" »

Milgram Obedience Experiment

Stanley Milgram designed an experiment to study how direct commands influence behavior, focusing on obedience – the act of responding to commands. He sought to answer the question: "Under what social conditions are people more likely to obey?"

The experiment involved an authority figure instructing participants to administer electric shocks to a "learner" for incorrect answers. While most people predicted they would stop upon the learner expressing pain, the reality was different. Even with complaints from the learner, most participants obeyed the experimenter's directives, such as "please continue."

Several factors increased obedience: the authority figure's perceived status, their proximity to the participant,... Continue reading "Classic Psychology Experiments and Big 5 Personality Traits" »

Definition of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. The word 'psychology' comes from the Greek words 'psyche', meaning soul or breath, and 'logos', meaning study.

What Psychologists Do

• Clinical psychologists: Focus on diagnosing and treating psychological problems in clinics, hospitals, and private practice. Different from counseling psychologists who focus on prevention and specific adjustment issues.
• Applied psychologists: Apply psychology to practical problems in the real world. Examples include school psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists, human factors psychologists, and sports psychologists.
• Research psychologists: Conduct experiments and work in universities, colleges, and research institutes.

Krumboltz

What are the four main factors that influence career choice?

• Genetic influences
• Environmental Conditions and events
• Learning experiences
• Task approach skills

What was Krumboltz’s theory of career decision making and development based on?

• Social Learning

Parsons

What is the purpose of Parson’s theory of occupational choice?

• To match careers to the talents, skills and personality of a client.

What was the purpose of assessments in Parsons Theory?

• Assessments need to be done in order to gather the client’s talents, skills, dislikes, likes and personality. Once this information is gathered it can be used to help identify jobs or careers in which the client would be a perfect fit for.

Ginzburg

List the sub stages in the tentative stage and explain... Continue reading "Factors Influencing Career Choice: Krumboltz, Parsons, Ginzburg, Holland, Gottfredson, Super, Tiedeman, Roe" »

Literal Versus Nonliteral Communication

A: Fancy a whisky?

B: I am a muslim.

B explicitly communicates I AM A FOLLOWER OF THE MUSLIM RELIGION.

B implicitly communicates I DON’T FANCY A WHISKY (BECAUSE IT’S ALCOHOLIC AND MUSLIMS DON’T DRINK ALCOHOL).

The more implicit communication is, the more risky it is. If you say “No, thank you” it’s easier to understand than if you say “I am a muslim”. So... Why engage in implicit communication at all? Needless to say, on many occasions one would not be able to provide the same quality and quantity of information unless one chose an implicit utterance.

Disambiguation

- Retired priest may marry Bruce Springsteen. Senses:

1. A retired priest may perform Bruce’s wedding ceremony
2. A retired priest may

Innermost Regions of the Brain

Innermost regions of the brain are responsible for the basic involuntary functions, while outer regions of the brain are conscious and high-order thinking. The outer layer responsible for these higher functions is called the cortex.

Brain Stem

Base of the brain, it is attached to the spinal cord. The brain stem controls our heartbeat.

Thalamus

Above the brain stem. It receives all the sensory information from our senses (except smell) and sends it to other parts of the brain to process the data.

Cerebellum

Behind the brain stem. It coordinates movement like walking and plays a role in non-verbal learning and memory.

Visual Cortex

Located in the back of the brain. It receives and processes visual information.

Frontal Lobe

General... Continue reading "Understanding the Innermost Regions of the Brain and Its Functions" »

T1/2: Public Relations (PR)

What is PR?

PR encompasses the relationships an organization cultivates to establish, promote, and maintain mutual understanding with its public. These relationships foster globalization and international exchanges, aiming to align the organization's objectives with the public interest.

Why is PR Important?

1. Vital for Outreach: PR is crucial for connecting with your target audience.
2. Reputation Management: PR helps build and maintain a positive reputation for your company.
3. Community Building: PR creates allies and advocates within the community.
4. Attracting Talent: PR can improve the quality of student and applicant pools.
5. Demonstrating Impact: PR showcases your organization's impact and results to funding agencies.
6. Enhancing

1.Supposed That you work for a MNE as the manager of a culturally diverse team. Briefly Describe how would you go about achieving the máximum degree of motivation Among your team members. Please be sure to include in your answer at least 3 of The following concepts discussed in class: recognition, undestanding Tendencies, adapting your approach, flexibility, communication, loyalty, and Commitment.

De primera mano, como manager tengo la Obligación de conocer a los integrantes de mi equipo de trabajo, de hacerles Saber que me interesan sus aportaciones y sus opiniones, dado a que somos un Grupo multicultural se debe tener en cuenta las creencias e ideologías de Todos, de tal manera que en un ambiente donde la tolerancia y el respeto deberá... Continue reading "Organizational climate" »

Understanding Mental Disorders

Significant impairments in psychological functioning are called mental disorders. These psychological or behavioral syndromes occur in response to the distress or disability that a particular event provokes (SHAPSE, 2008) and affect diverse features of someone’s behavior or personality depending on the brain area damaged or the environment the patient is surrounded by (Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman & Bebbington, 2001). Mental illnesses are caused by maladaptive or dysfunctional traits or by the presence of psychological stressors (APA, 2013).

The World Health Organization (2001) announced that a high percentage of people worldwide will suffer from some mental disorders or brain conditions at some point... Continue reading "Understanding Mental Disorders: Types, Causes, and Impact" »