Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

The Effects of Race on Wrongful Convictions

Black suspects are rarely given the benefit of the doubt by juries or judges, and they are often assumed to be criminals or have criminal tendencies. This is seen in the disparity in sentences between a black and a white man who committed the same crime. The black men usually get the maximum possible sentence while the white guys get a minor sentencing. The data shows that black men can be up to 22 times more likely to receive the death than a white man, regardless of culpability. Also, in cases where eyewitness testimony is required, black people are at a disadvantage if the witness is white because biologically we pay less attention to faces of other races.

Murder on a Sunday Morning

The thing that... Continue reading "The Effects of Race on Wrongful Convictions and White Privilege in US Society" »

Debido a la Revolución Francesa e Industrial se creó una nueva clase social, la Class-based Society, que estaba formada por la alta burguesía y the birth of the working class.

Industrial Revolution

Fue originada en Great Britain en 1750.

Cambió la economía del país; la agricultura se hizo menos importante y la industria más.

Causes

• Crecimiento de la población

  Se necesitaba más comida pero había más trabajadores, así que se producía mucho más.

• Mejoras de la agricultura

  Había campos más grandes.

  Aparecieron nuevas máquinas y fertilizantes.

• Increased trade
• Technological progress

  The invention of new machines enabled factories to produce goods more quickly. Prices decreased.

• Financial support from agriculture and trade

  In Great Britain,

Cell Theory

Cells are the basic unit of life, all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells, and all cells arise from existing cells.

Contributors to Cell Theory

Hooke

Robert Hooke, a British scientist, first named cells in 1665. He observed cork with a microscope.

Scheiden

Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a German botanist, concluded that plants were made of cells.

Schwann

Theodor Schwann, a German zoologist, found that all living things are made of cells.

Leeuwenhoek

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch fabric store owner, ground a lens that magnified the microscope 200x's.

Virchow

Rudolf Virchow, a German doctor, disputed the idea of spontaneous generation (the idea that cells come from nothing) and concluded that cells come from other cells.

Cell Structures

Cell

PASSIVE/CAUSATIVE

He repaired my car: My car was repaired by him/ I had my car repaired by him.

They are going to clean her house: Her house is going to be cleaned.../ She is going to have her house cleaned.

She will cut your hair tomorrow: your hair will be cut.../ you will have your hair cut by…

MODALS

Poder: 1) CAN: puedo/cannot  2) COULD: pude-podria/could not  3)BE ABLE TO: podre venir mañana/ I will be able -- Pudiste haberlo hecho you were able to have told me that.

Possibility/Permission: 1) MAY: puedo/may not  2) MIGHT: podria/ might not.

Deber: 1) MUST: debo/ must not  2) SHOULD=OUGHT TO: deberia/should not=ought not to.  3) HAVE TO: debiste haber estudiado mas/ You had to have studied harder.

Seria mejor que:  1)HAD BETTER/ had... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Practice" »

Essential Vocabulary and Phrases

Financial and Personal Well-being

• Be well-off: To be in a good financial situation.
• Make ends meet: To have just enough money to cover expenses.
• Live from hand to mouth: To have barely enough money to survive.
• On the house: Offered for free, paid for by the establishment.
• Take pleasure in: To find enjoyment in something.
• Beyond my reach: Unattainable or too expensive.
• To date: Up until the present time.

Financial Terms

• Inherited: Received property or money after someone's death.
• Property: Real estate or possessions owned by someone.
• Bargain: Something bought at a lower price than usual.
• Refund: An amount of money returned.
• Borrowing: The act of taking a loan.
• Amount: A quantity of something, typically money.
• Receipt: A written

Features of Non-Formal Education

• Centralization of the process on the student, based on their needs and possibilities.
• Immediate usefulness of education for personal and professional growth.
• Flexibility in procedures, objectives, and content.
• Quick reaction to changes affecting student and community needs.

School Autonomy Scenarios

School autonomy is granted under different scenarios:

1. General regulations covering a wide range of aspects of the school system.
2. Specific legislation designed for school autonomy.
3. Flexible administrative regulations issued by executive bodies.

Types of School Autonomy

• Full autonomy: Decisions within the law, without external intervention.
• Limited autonomy: Decisions within predetermined options or with higher authority approval.

Life Processes

Life processes are the processes that are necessary for an organism to stay alive. Examples include nutrition and respiration.

Criteria of Life

• Growth
• Movement

Nutrition

Nutrition is the process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy for growth, repair, maintenance, etc., and excretes the waste materials from the body.

Types of Nutrition

1. Autotrophic Nutrition

(Auto = self; trophos = nourishment) Examples: Plants, Algae, Blue-green bacteria.

• Process: Photosynthesis (Photo = light; Synthesis = to combine)
• Raw Materials:
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
• Energy Conversion: Light/Solar energy to Chemical energy
• Role of Chlorophyll: To trap the sun's energy for photosynthesis
• Factors for Autotrophic Nutrition:
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Light
  • Temperature
• Events/

The Origin of New Species

The changes that living things experience as time passes lead to the creation of new species. In this long and complex process, there are 4 stages:

1. Production of Evolutionary Changes in Populations

This happens because natural selection favors some individuals and not others. As a consequence, the new populations are different from the original ones, although they still belong to the same species.

2. Genetic Isolation of the New Population

So that a new species can evolve, it is essential that the members of the new population do not reproduce with those of the previous population. In other words, they become independent and stop sharing genetic information with the original population.

3. Gradual Differentiation

After... Continue reading "The Origin of New Species and Human Evolution" »

Stockholders' Equity

Rights of stockholders to share proportionately in:

1. Profits
2. Management
3. Corporate assets upon liquidation
4. Any new issues of stock of the same class (preemptive right)

Preemptive Right: Protects an existing stockholder from involuntary dilution of ownership interest.

Key Concepts

Additional Paid-in Capital: Indicates any excess over par value paid in by stockholders in return for the shares issued to them.

Retained Earnings: Represents the earned capital of the company.

Lump-Sum Sales: When a corporation issues two or more classes of securities for a single payment.

• Incremental Method: Company cannot determine the fair value of all classes of securities.
• Proportional Method: Determining relative value is available for each class of security.

What Drove the Progressive Era Movement?

A general belief that government reforms were needed to help end social problems and disorder.

Why Did Many Progressive Reformers Support Prohibition Legislation?

They believed alcohol was a cause of poverty and many other social problems.

What is the Nineteenth Amendment?

Gave women the right to vote.

What Did the Use of Initiative Allow Reformers to Do?

Propose issues and legislation directly to voters.

What Did Major Policies of Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency *Not* Include?

Using subsidies (government payments) to bolster the failing Standard Oil Company.

What Were Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom Platform and Proposals Directly Countering?

Roosevelt's New Nationalism ideas.

What Act Did Woodrow Wilson Seek to Reform