Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Revenue and Cost Formulas

• Revenue = Selling price per unit × Number of units sold
• Variable costs = Variable cost per unit × Number of units sold
• Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs
• Profit = Total revenue − Total costs or Total contribution − Fixed costs

Market and Investment Metrics

• Market capitalisation = Number of issued shares × Current share price
• Expected value (A & B) = (Pay-off of A × Probability of A) + (Pay-off of B × Probability of B)
• Net gain = Expected value − Initial cost of decision
• Market growth (%) = (Change in market size / Original market size) × 100
• Market share (%) = (Sales of one product or business / Total sales in the market) × 100
• Added value = Sales revenue − Cost of bought-in goods and services

Operational

Pharos

Definition:

An island near Alexandria. On the island was a lighthouse.

Location in texts:

Homer’s Odyssey

Significance/theme:

The lighthouse was a great ancient wonder. It shows the large significance and impact that Alexandria had. It also demonstrates the power of Ptolemy.

Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 310-240 BCE)

Definition:

Callimachus was a famous poet and librarian in Alexandria.

Location in texts:

Callimachus’ Pinakes

Significance/theme:

He was responsible for producing a bibliographic survey based upon the contents of the Library. His work provided the foundation for later work on the history of Greek literature.

Nicander of Colophon (2nd c. BCE)

Definition:

Greek poet, physician, and librarian.

Location in texts:

Nicander’s Theriaka and Alexipharmaka

Significance/

Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina is mainly hilly and mountainous, with only 13.53% of the land situated between 0-200 meters above sea level. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a surface area of 51,209 square kilometers, of which the seaside is 12.2 square kilometers. In 1991, 4.38 million people lived in the country. Based on this, the average population density is around 85 inhabitants per square kilometer. According to the results of the 2013 census, there are 3,531,159 inhabitants in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today, about 70% of the population lives in urban areas.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is shaped like a triangle. One side extends east-west, the other north-south, while the hypotenuse runs northwest-... Continue reading "Geography and Geology of Bosnia and Herzegovina" »

My Monday Routine

Routine:

In my daily routine on Mondays, I get up at 7:00 o'clock. I have breakfast at 7:30. I go to university with my friend by car. When we finish at university, I go home and have lunch with my family. I go for a walk with my dog. After that, I study to learn to sail a boat and study sailing. When I finish studying, I go back home with my friend in his car. It is fun. To finish my day, I always take my dog for a run. Then I have dinner and go to bed.

Friends (Amigos)

Amigos:

I have many friends, but my best friend is Raul. I see Raul every day in class because he is my classmate. He is a very good friend to me because he helps me with my homework. He is tall, has black hair, and brown eyes. My other friend's name is Paco; he'... Continue reading "Daily Life: Routine, Friends, Family and Holiday Memories" »

• Third Estate: A three-estate system used until the French Revolution, comprising the clergy, nobility, peasants, and bourgeoisie.
• Estates General: The assembly of 1789 represented the three estates of the kingdom: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was the final meeting of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France.
• National Assembly: A revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates General.
• Constitution: The supreme law of a sovereign state.
• Universal Suffrage: The right to vote for all citizens of a state.
• Census Suffrage: An electoral system that grants the vote only to individuals meeting a specific level of wealth.
• Constitutional Monarchy: A form of government in which the sovereign exercises

Human Digestive System Processes

Digestion involves two main types of processes:

• Mechanical Digestion: Food is ground, cut, and mixed with juices.
• Chemical Digestion: Food is broken down by hydrolytic enzymes.

1. Digestion in the Mouth

Mastication

This is the mechanical process involving the teeth and tongue. Food is torn and ground into small pieces.

Insalivation

Food is mixed with saliva. Pieces of food are moistened to form a bolus. Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and contains:

• Salivary Amylase: Responsible for the digestion of starch.
• Mucin: Gives viscosity to the saliva.
• Lysozyme: Attacks bacteria.

2. Deglutition (Swallowing)

The food bolus moves from the mouth towards the pharynx and passes the epiglottis. The bolus then enters the oesophagus,... Continue reading "Human Digestive System: Stages and Processes" »

Key Religious Concepts Defined

Understanding Prophets and Call Stories

What is a Prophet?

A spokesperson for God.

Examples: Moses, Ezekiel.

The Call Story: Divine Invitation

A series of narratives detailing God's calling of individuals and entrusting them with a mission.

Covenant: A Sacred Agreement

A sacred agreement or solemn promise.

Revelation: God's Self-Disclosure

The act of God revealing Himself and His ethical principles.

How God is Revealed

• The Prophets: God's self-revelation to prophets.
• Nature: Through changing seasons and the natural world.
• Sacred Scriptures: Through which the actions of God in human history are revealed.
• Jesus: Through whom God fully revealed Himself.

The Nature of Human Relationship with God

Life at its core is a relationship... Continue reading "Divine Covenants and Revelation: Core Concepts" »

Electrical Safety and Circuit Troubleshooting

Is a JSA required for electrical circuit troubleshooting?

Yes. As an employer, you have a duty of care to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses and to provide safe systems of work as specified under Section 19 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984.

Example of a JSA hazard control measure

Hazard: Extension cord on a wet floor.

Control Measure: Secure cords to walls and hang them away from water sources.

• Likelihood: Likely
• Consequence: Major
• Risk Rating: Critical

Testing devices and applications

Device: Multimeter.

Application: Perform a continuity test on a faulty circuit.

Live vs. de-energised testing

Circuits should generally be tested de-energised to eliminate the high risk of equipment damage... Continue reading "Electrical Troubleshooting and Safety Compliance Standards" »

Key Economic & Fiscal Policy Terms

Understanding the language of economics and government finance is crucial. This glossary defines essential terms related to fiscal policy, budgeting, and economic theory.

Appropriations Bill

A legislative bill that sets money aside for specific government spending.

Automatic Stabilizer

A government program designed to automatically adjust based on changes in GDP and a person's income, helping to stabilize the economy.

Balanced Budget

A financial plan where government revenue and spending are equal.

Budget Deficit

A situation in which the government spends more money than it collects in revenue.

Budget Surplus

A situation in which the government collects more money in revenue than it spends.

Classical Economics

An economic

Step 1: Forecasted Operating Cash Flows

Step 2: Forecasted External Capital Required