Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Topic 2: Reported Speech

Grammar Exercises (Page 2)

Exercise 3

1. Rita promised that she wouldn't disappoint me / us again.
2. He wondered how long I / we had been there.
3. My mum offered to drive me to school that day.
4. Nancy recommended reading that book. / Nancy recommended that I read that book.
5. The politician demanded that the reporter get away from his door.
6. Janet claimed that a policeman had hit her.

Exercise 4

1. Sally complained that there had been too many speeches at the event the night before / the previous night.
2. The reporter wanted to know how much money the charity had raised that year.
3. Gary suggested that we post the petition online.
4. Megan warned me not to tell anyone what she had done.

Exercise 5

1. Debbie insisted that she hadn't convinced anyone to sign

Key Political and Religious Terms in Iran

• Majlis: Unicameral parliament, reformist, vetted members, passes laws that are marginalized by its theocratic nature.
• Expediency Council: Liaison between the Guardian Council and the Majlis. This council makes policy and consists of 32 members who serve five-year terms.
• Guardian Council: The most powerful theological body in Iran, vetting all candidates. Their job is Sharia law oversight, making them too important to create laws. They cross executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• Assembly of Religious Experts: They meet once a year to choose supreme leaders and are the only branch with the power to oust the Supreme Leader. Members are popularly elected.
• Maslahat: A Sunni concept meaning expediency

The League of Nations (1919)

The League of Nations, created in 1919 through the Treaty of Versailles, was an attempt to maintain international peace and cooperation in Europe. While the idea was sound, the League ultimately failed because it lacked the power to enforce its decisions, and member countries often did not comply with its resolutions.

The Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

The Weimar Republic is the name given to the period in Germany following a constitutional assembly in the city of Weimar. This era was marked by severe political and economic instability, most notably the hyperinflation of 1923 and the subsequent rise of the Nazi party.

The Russian Revolution (1917)

A series of revolutions in the Russian Empire during 1917 culminated in the... Continue reading "The Interwar Years: From the League of Nations to Nazism" »

Speech

• Transient
• Additive or 'rhapsodic'
• Aggregative
• Redundant or 'copious'
• Loosely structured grammatically
• People-centered
• Context dependent

Writing

• Permanent
• Hierarchically ordered within the clause structure
• Medium for logical reasoning
• Tends to avoid redundancy
• Structured grammatically, compact
• Topic-centered
• Context-reduced

Similarities

• Both depend on their culture
• Both change in different situations

Differences

• Speech is transient, writing is permanent
• Speech is loosely grammatically, writing is lexically and grammatically compact

Relationship between Language and Culture in Language Study

• Native speakers
• Cross-cultural

Key Linguistic Concepts

Footing

A term coined by sociologist Erving Goffman to denote the stance we take up to the others present in the way we... Continue reading "Speech vs. Writing: Key Differences and Similarities" »

Tunnel Boring Process

1. Cutting the Rock Surface. The face of the cutter rotates about seven times a minute, and the teeth cut large circles into the surface of the rock.
2. Collecting the Rocks. Pieces of the rock fall to the ground, and when the cutter face rotates upwards, the rocks fall onto conveyor belts.
3. Moving the Cutter. Hydraulic cylinders push the body of the cutter slowly forwards. The steel shoes move outwards and grip the tunnel walls, while two legs push down and lift the machine off the floor.
4. Supplying the Electricity. The power is connected to the cutters by means of a 13,800-volt cable.
5. Strengthening the Roof. When the machine moves forwards, holes are drilled into the roof of the tunnel, and then the holes are filled with bolts and

Key Characteristics of a Perfectly Competitive Market

1. Very Large Number of Producers

In a perfectly competitive market, there are a very large number of producers, each of whom produces a very small proportion of the total market output.

2. Producers are Price Takers

As a single producer produces a small proportion of the total output supplied in the market, their production decisions cannot affect the market price of the product. They have to take the prevailing market price as given and fixed. Thus, an individual producer faces a perfectly elastic demand curve.

3. Products are Homogeneous

Products are exactly the same and, therefore, are perfect substitutes for each other. This implies that the cross-elasticity of demand is infinite between... Continue reading "Understanding Perfect Competition in Economics" »

What is Surface Engineering?

Definition: It is the sub-discipline of material science which deals with the surface of solid matter.

Objectives: Involves altering the properties of the surface phase to reduce degradation over time, making it robust to the environment.

Applications: Automotive, aerospace, missile, power, electronic, biomedical, textile, petroleum, chemical, steel, power. Used in almost all types of materials.

Describe SEM and TEM

SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons. Advantages include 3D imaging and greater depth of focus. Disadvantages include low resolution and expensive equipment. Applications include gunshot residue analysis and firearms identification.... Continue reading "Surface Engineering and Microscopy Techniques in Material Science" »

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) is an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, revealing the topography of conductive specimens. It measures tunneling current and can be used in air, water, and various gas environments, at temperatures ranging from near zero Kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius. STM operates in two modes: constant interaction mode and constant height mode.

Advantages of STM

• High resolution, not limited by diffraction
• Small sample size
• Can modify samples to create small structures
• Does not require a partial vacuum

Disadvantages of STM

• Difficult to determine detailed shapes
• Slow scanning speed
• Small image sizes
• Not