Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Mastering English Grammar: Reported Speech and Passive Voice

Reported Speech: Direct and Indirect Examples

Reported speech involves conveying what someone else said, often requiring changes in tense, pronouns, and time/place expressions.

Statements and Tense Shifts

• Direct: "These are guys' games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) those were guys' games.

• Direct: "More women are playing games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) more women were playing games.

• Direct: "She came home last weekend," she said.
• Reported: She said she had come home the previous weekend.

• Direct: "I have played quite a few games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) she had played quite a few games.

Modal Verb Changes

• Will make → Would make
• Must → Had to

Questions and Imperatives

• Direct

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

Victuals

Food or provisions.

Boughs

The main branch of a tree.

Whim

A sudden desire or change of mind, especially one that is unusual or unexplained.

Plunder

To steal goods from a place or person, typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder.

Gorge

A narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls and a stream running through it.

Gloom

Partial or total darkness.

Petrels

A seabird related to the shearwaters, typically flying far from land.

Insidious

Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.

Cast Off

To set a boat or ship free from its moorings.

Mooring lines

A line that holds an object (especially a boat) in place.

Rowlocks

A holder attached to the gunwale of a boat

Blog:

Short for weblog; a kind of diary on an internet website

Bottom-up processing:

When we try to understand a whole text, starting from finding the meaning of individual words and phrases (intentamos entender el texto completo buscando el significado de una palabra o frase)

Chants:

Rhythmic speaking (like a song without music) (cántico)

Chart:

A diagram with a lot of different information (gráfica, historial)

Cloze:

A text where text have blanks which have been chosen at random (aleatorio) (texto donde los espacios en blanco se han elegido aleatoriamente)

Collaborative writing:

When students work together to complete a writing

Communicative speaking activities:

An activity which makes students use speaking to communicate, rather than just practicing... Continue reading "Teaching English as a Second Language Glossary" »

Accuracy and Fluency

Accuracy

Accuracy refers to the ability to speak or write without making mistakes, ensuring correct grammar and vocabulary. In accuracy-focused activities, teachers provide corrections to help students understand their errors.

Fluency

Fluency is the ability to produce rapid, flowing, natural speech, though it may not always be grammatically correct. Fluency activities prioritize communication over perfect accuracy.

Teaching and Learning Processes

Action Research

Action research involves teachers experimenting with new methods and studying the results to determine their effectiveness.

Acquisition

Acquisition is the subconscious process of learning a language without explicit awareness, similar to how children learn their first language.... Continue reading "Essential Terms for English Language Teaching" »

Phishing:

Hackers attempt to impersonate genuine organisations to fool the user into providing sensitive personal data. Emails are very official-looking, and they usually contain a link to a website which is an exact copy of the organisation's actual site, but it is operated by the criminals. When the user logs in with their details, the data is sent to the criminal. 

Guarding against phishing:

No reputable organisation would request personal details in an email or unsolicited phone call, because it does not need your sensitive data to access your account information. Never follow links to a bank/organisation- manually type it.

Trojan Horses:

Malware program that comes in disguise. Rely on tricking the user into downloading and running them. Involves... Continue reading "Protecting Against Phishing, Trojan Horses, Worms, and Viruses" »

CH6

Predictive Modeling Techniques

61) Predictive modeling is perhaps the most commonly practiced branch in data mining. What are three of the most popular predictive modeling techniques?

Answer:

• Artificial neural networks
• Support vector machines
• k-nearest neighbor

62) Why have neural networks shown much promise in many forecasting and business classification applications?

Answer: Because of their ability to "learn" from the data, their nonparametric nature (i.e., no rigid assumptions), and their ability to generalize.

Understanding Neural Networks

63) Each ANN is composed of a collection of neurons that are grouped into layers. One of these layers is the hidden layer. Define the hidden layer.

Answer: A hidden layer is a layer of neurons that takes input... Continue reading "Predictive Modeling Techniques in Data Mining" »

Ursula K. Le Guin's Notable Work

• The Earthsea Quartet, first published in 1967.

J.K. Rowling's Impact on Fantasy Literature

• J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997. Rowling and Philip Pullman ushered in a new era, often called the "Second Golden Age," due to the resurgence and success of their fantasy sagas: Harry Potter and His Dark Materials.

Defining Literature

• Literature is an art form that conveys a message, engaging both the senses and emotions.

Features of Children's Literature

• Generally shorter in length.
• Emphasis on dialogue and action.
• Child-oriented language.

Literary Analytical Tools

• Setting: The time and place where the action occurs.
• Characters: These can be flat, round, heroes, villains, etc.
• Narrator: Can be 1st

1. Main Genres of Literature

1. Name the 3 main genres of literature in general

• Poetry, Drama, and Fiction (or Prose).

2. Defining Children's Literature

2. Define children’s literature in your own words.

• Children’s literature typically consists of short stories that are appropriate for children in terms of emotional and moral value.

3. Children's Literature Sub-Genres and Examples

• Adventure: Robinson Crusoe

• Toy: Winnie-the-Pooh

• Fantasy: The Hobbit

4. What is a Fable?

• Fables are humorous short stories featuring animals as main characters, each conveying a particular moral lesson. Aesop, who lived around the 6th century BC, is credited with writing many well-known fables.

5. The Works of James Janeway

• James Janeway wrote A Token for Children in 1671 (not 1692)