Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Accuracy and Fluency

Accuracy

Accuracy refers to the ability to speak or write without making mistakes, ensuring correct grammar and vocabulary. In accuracy-focused activities, teachers provide corrections to help students understand their errors.

Fluency

Fluency is the ability to produce rapid, flowing, natural speech, though it may not always be grammatically correct. Fluency activities prioritize communication over perfect accuracy.

Teaching and Learning Processes

Action Research

Action research involves teachers experimenting with new methods and studying the results to determine their effectiveness.

Acquisition

Acquisition is the subconscious process of learning a language without explicit awareness, similar to how children learn their first language.... Continue reading "Essential Terms for English Language Teaching" »

Phishing:

Hackers attempt to impersonate genuine organisations to fool the user into providing sensitive personal data. Emails are very official-looking, and they usually contain a link to a website which is an exact copy of the organisation's actual site, but it is operated by the criminals. When the user logs in with their details, the data is sent to the criminal. 

Guarding against phishing:

No reputable organisation would request personal details in an email or unsolicited phone call, because it does not need your sensitive data to access your account information. Never follow links to a bank/organisation- manually type it.

Trojan Horses:

Malware program that comes in disguise. Rely on tricking the user into downloading and running them. Involves... Continue reading "Protecting Against Phishing, Trojan Horses, Worms, and Viruses" »

CH6

Predictive Modeling Techniques

61) Predictive modeling is perhaps the most commonly practiced branch in data mining. What are three of the most popular predictive modeling techniques?

Answer:

• Artificial neural networks
• Support vector machines
• k-nearest neighbor

62) Why have neural networks shown much promise in many forecasting and business classification applications?

Answer: Because of their ability to "learn" from the data, their nonparametric nature (i.e., no rigid assumptions), and their ability to generalize.

Understanding Neural Networks

63) Each ANN is composed of a collection of neurons that are grouped into layers. One of these layers is the hidden layer. Define the hidden layer.

Answer: A hidden layer is a layer of neurons that takes input... Continue reading "Predictive Modeling Techniques in Data Mining" »

Ursula K. Le Guin's Notable Work

• The Earthsea Quartet, first published in 1967.

J.K. Rowling's Impact on Fantasy Literature

• J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997. Rowling and Philip Pullman ushered in a new era, often called the "Second Golden Age," due to the resurgence and success of their fantasy sagas: Harry Potter and His Dark Materials.

Defining Literature

• Literature is an art form that conveys a message, engaging both the senses and emotions.

Features of Children's Literature

• Generally shorter in length.
• Emphasis on dialogue and action.
• Child-oriented language.

Literary Analytical Tools

• Setting: The time and place where the action occurs.
• Characters: These can be flat, round, heroes, villains, etc.
• Narrator: Can be 1st

1. Main Genres of Literature

1. Name the 3 main genres of literature in general

• Poetry, Drama, and Fiction (or Prose).

2. Defining Children's Literature

2. Define children’s literature in your own words.

• Children’s literature typically consists of short stories that are appropriate for children in terms of emotional and moral value.

3. Children's Literature Sub-Genres and Examples

• Adventure: Robinson Crusoe

• Toy: Winnie-the-Pooh

• Fantasy: The Hobbit

4. What is a Fable?

• Fables are humorous short stories featuring animals as main characters, each conveying a particular moral lesson. Aesop, who lived around the 6th century BC, is credited with writing many well-known fables.

5. The Works of James Janeway

• James Janeway wrote A Token for Children in 1671 (not 1692)

UNIT 5

Grammar

• The Zero Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... present simple)
  If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
• The First Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
  If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
• The Second Conditional:
  (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
  If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
• The Third Conditional
  (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
  If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

First cond → If you work hard, you will pass the exam.

Second cond → If you worked hard, you’d pass the exam.

was → Second cond → If I were you, I’d accept the job / If she were more patient, she’d be happier.

Unless = If

· Surfing the internet can become

TEMA 5

GRAMMAR

1

Photosynthesis Fundamentals

Photosynthesis: Carbon Compound Production

• Living organisms require complex carbon compounds to carry out life processes and build the structures in their cells.
• Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
• Chloroplasts absorb light energy from the sun and convert this energy into chemical energy (glucose) to be used by the organisms for energy.

Visible Light Spectrum and Wavelengths

• Light from the sun is composed of a range of wavelengths.
• The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to or can be detected by the human eye.
• Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths (380 to 750 nm) is called

Structure of DNA and RNA

Understandings:

The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.

• Nucleotides are the monomers of the polymer DNA.
• DNA nucleotides are made up of 3 components: a phosphate group (PO₄^-3), a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• The phosphate, sugar, and base are linked by covalent bonds.
• In DNA and RNA, each nucleotide is linked to the next nucleotide between the phosphate of one and the pentose sugar of the other nucleotide.

DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition, and the type of pentose.

Hello, we are Zelai and Dylan, and we are going to talk to you about the Tasmanian Wilderness.

Location

Tasmania is a state that complies with the Commonwealth of Australia, which is located in Oceania. The state consists of the entire island of Tasmania along with some adjacent islands and is located 240 km southeast of the continent, separated by the Bass Strait.

Landscape

Okay, I'm going to start talking about the landscape of Tasmania. In Tasmania, there is a very different variety of landscapes. We can find very green landscapes full of trees and different types of plants to very large deserts. The Tasmanian *average* temperature is 23ºC during all the year.

Wildlife

The Tasmanian wilderness has one of the most special and rare wild fauna in... Continue reading "Tasmanian Wilderness: Wildlife, Landscape, and Conservation" »