Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Management Buyouts Explained

Q: Management Buyouts are a form of buyouts. Explain this term.

Management buyouts (MBOs) are acquisitions where the company's existing management team purchases the company. While legally similar to other acquisitions, MBOs differ because the buyers are also the company's managers. This often means a limited due diligence process, as the buyers already possess in-depth knowledge of the company. Sellers are also likely to provide minimal warranties, assuming the management team is more familiar with the company's state than they are.

Stock Issuance and Dividend Calculation

Q: Company XYZ wants to issue more Common Stock of Face Value Rs 12. Next Year the Dividend is expected to be Rs. 3 per share assuming a Dividend

Protecting Earth's Resources and Ecosystems

Water Pollution and Contamination Risks

Rivers and lakes have less water volume than the seas, making pollution a very serious threat. If there is a toxic spill, the concentration of hazardous substances can be high. These substances will affect the entire river or lake, leaving the water unusable.

Vulnerability of Groundwater Sources

Aquifers: These underground reservoirs take many years to recharge or refill with water. If a pollution incident occurs, it could take a hundred years or more before the contaminant is eliminated. During this time, the contaminated water will flow into the rivers, lakes, and wells that draw water from the aquifer.

Solutions to Water Pollution

Effective strategies involve a... Continue reading "Protecting Earth's Resources: Water, Soil, and Biodiversity Conservation" »

Corporate External Growth Strategies

Economic Conditions

Labor shortages

Lack of market growth

Vertical Growth

Achieved by taking over a function previously provided by a supplier or distributor.

Horizontal Integration

The degree to which a firm operates in multiple geographic locations at the same point in an industry’s value chain.

Vertical Integration

The degree to which a firm operates vertically in multiple locations on an industry’s value chain, from extracting raw materials to manufacturing to retailing.

Forward Integration

Assuming a function previously provided by a distributor.

Backward Integration

Assuming a function previously provided by a supplier.

Horizontal Growth

Expansion of operations into other geographic locations and/or increasing... Continue reading "Corporate Growth & Stability Strategies" »

The Bourbon Dynasty in Spain and the War of Succession

The War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)

Charles II died in 1700 appointing Philip of Bourbon as his successor. The other European countries did not accept Charles's will and the War of Spanish Succession began. This was an international conflict as well as an internal conflict.

Castile and France supported Philip V whereas the rest of European countries (Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and Austria) and the Crown of Aragon defended Archduke Charles of Habsburg.

Philip V defeated Valencia and Aragon in the battle of Almansa (1707) and took Catalonia in 1714 and Mallorca in 1715.

The international conflict changed when Charles of Habsburg became the German emperor and lost interest in... Continue reading "Bourbon Dynasty in Spain: War of Succession & 18th Century" »

English Verb Tenses

Simple Tenses

Present Simple

Example: I cook dinner.

Past Simple

Example: She cooked dinner.

Continuous Tenses

Present Continuous

Example: I am waiting for my sister.

Past Continuous

Example: He was waiting for his sister.

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Simple

Example: I have read the note.

Past Perfect Simple

Example: He had read the note.

Present Perfect Continuous

Example: She has been studying English.

Past Perfect Continuous

Example: She had been studying English.

Past Tenses Comparison

Note: Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous do not change.

Future

Bangladesh River Flooding: 1998 Case Study

Geographical Context and Vulnerability

Bangladesh is formed by deposition from three major rivers: the Brahmaputra, the Ganges, and the Meghna. Sediment from these and over 50 other rivers forms one of the largest deltas in the world. Up to 80% of the country is located on this delta. As a result, much of the country is just a few meters above sea level and is highly vulnerable to flooding and rising sea levels.

Bangladesh is a densely populated country (an LEDC) with a high population growth rate (nearly 2.7% per annum). Almost all of Bangladesh’s rivers have their source outside of the country. For example, the drainage basin of the Ganges and Brahmaputra covers 1.75 million km² and includes the... Continue reading "Bangladesh River Floods: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation (1998 Case Study)" »

The League's Aims

The League of Nations was set up because President Wilson wanted this more than anything else.

He wanted the League to be a kind of ‘world parliament’, where nations would sort out their arguments.   He hoped this would stop wars.   But Wilson wanted to do more than just stop war; he wanted to make the world a better place.   He wanted the League to do things to improve people’s lives and jobs.   He wanted to improve public health, and to end slavery.

Wilson also hoped that the League would persuade the nations to agree to disarmament – to put down their weapons.   That would make war impossible.

Finally, Wilson thought that the League of Nations could enforce the Treaty of Versailles, and persuade... Continue reading "The main stages of cold war." »

There are more than 6,000 languages spoken in the world, but 90% of the population speaks only 10% of them.

We don’t know exactly how language originated. However, some type of spoken language must have developed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, and written language around 5,000 years ago.

Key Areas of Linguistics

• Linguistics: The scientific study of human language.
• Grammar: The study of language structure (the rules we follow).
• Morphology: The study of the formation and composition of words.
• Syntax: The study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences.
• Semantics: The study of meaning.
• Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context.
• Phonology: The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
• Phonetics: The study of

Justinian and the Restoration of Roman Law

Justinian determined to restore the former glory of the empire by recovering the city of Rome. The lawyers he employed to compile the Corpus Juris Civilis came from the Eastern half of the Empire, and were Greek speakers.

Germanic Kingdoms and Roman Traditions

Germanic Tribes and Roman Influence

The major Germanic Tribes—Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, and Burgundians—admired Roman traditions and were Christians.

Germanic peoples were ready to adapt many of the institutions with which they had come into contact; written law particularly impressed them. Many legal codes were written in Latin for Romans living under Germanic rule, such as the Edictum Theodorici, which also applied to Germans.

Legal Development

The American Revolution's Influence on France

The Declaration of Independence of the US of America defended the inalienable rights of the citizen, the separation of powers, and the right to elect a government.

Enlightenment principles and the American Revolution gave the bourgeoisie new ideas. They proposed new forms of social organization and government. This led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France.

Causes of the French Revolution

• Social and Economic Crisis: 80% of poor peasants were upset with the land system, property rights, and excessive taxes.
• Financial Crisis: Price increases and financial strain caused by numerous wars.

The Revolution Begins (May 1789)

The Estates-General met in May 1789. They created the National Assembly, aiming... Continue reading "The French Revolution: Causes, Legacy, and Enlightenment Principles" »