Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

1. Economic Growth Rate

The economic growth rate is the percentage increase in the Real GDP:

[(New Real GDP - Old Real GDP) / (Old Real GDP)] x 100

Example: If the Real GDP grows from 80 to 100, then the:

Economic Growth Rate = [(100 - 80) / 80] x 100 = (20 / 80) x 100 = 0.25 x 100 = 25%

2. Unemployment Rate

The components are defined as:

• Labor Force = Employed + Unemployed
• Unemployment Rate = [Unemployment / Labor Force] x 100

Example: If Employment = 95 and Unemployment = 5, then:

Labor Force = 95 + 5 = 100

Unemployment Rate = [5 / 100] x 100 = 5%

3. Industrial Capacity Utilization Rate

This rate measures:

[(Actual Production Level) / (Maximum Possible Production Level)] x 100

Example: If a factory can produce at most 1,000 units a month and it is actually... Continue reading "Key Economic Indicators and Calculation Formulas" »

Columbus got the idea of sailing west to get to Asia in 1474 from a letter that Paolo Toscanelli, a Florentine scientist that advised the Portuguese to take this route since it was shorter than the one from Guinea. Columbus first came to John II to offer him to make the journey, but he turned Columbus down. Then he went to the Spanish and after a lot of negotiation they agreed to support the enterprise. On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos with three small ships, the Pinta, the Niña and the Santa Maria. The journey was prosperous but toward the end the crew grew anxious as they didn’t know if they would find land. Eventually on October 12, they made landfall in San Salvador. Still thinking that he had arrived in Asia, he sent an... Continue reading "Christopher Columbus: The Journey to the New World" »

UNIT 5

Grammar

• The Zero Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... present simple)
  If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
• The First Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
  If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
• The Second Conditional:
  (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
  If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
• The Third Conditional
  (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
  If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

First cond → If you work hard, you will pass the exam.

Second cond → If you worked hard, you’d pass the exam.

was → Second cond → If I were you, I’d accept the job / If she were more patient, she’d be happier.

Unless = If

· Surfing the internet can become

Characteristics of Sexual Reproduction

Human reproduction is sexual. This means that it's necessary for two individuals of different sexes to take part.

1. Each sex produces a different type of sex cell or gamete.
2. Fertilization is internal; it takes place inside the female reproductive system.
3. We are viviparous; the fetus grows in the mother's womb.
4. We are sexually dimorphic. This means that males and females have physical differences. This happens in many species.

Process of Reproduction

1. Gametogenesis: formation of the gametes.
2. Fertilization: joining of the male and female gametes.
3. Embryo Development: cell division and differentiation.
4. Childbirth: birth of the baby.
5. Development: cells increase and mature.

Changes in Adolescence

Adolescence begins with puberty,... Continue reading "Human Reproduction: Characteristics, Process, and Systems" »

Prison and Punishment

Today, people have different ideas about prison and the punishment. They have many questions about whether the treatment given to prisoners is fair or unfair.

Advantages of Prisons

The main function of prisons is to separate normal people, whose behavior is good, from those who commit crimes. Another advantage is that criminals have a chance to rejoin society and become valuable citizens.

Disadvantages of Prisons

The biggest disadvantage is the lack of privacy, as prisoners live in small rooms with others. I believe the punishment should involve work for society, as staying in prison surrounded by criminals may not be helpful in returning to society as an ordinary person.

Proposed Changes

Prisons should provide more space, job... Continue reading "Prison and Underage Behavior: Advantages and Disadvantages" »

Explain the differences and concerns with performance measures

Different types of Performance Measures. 2 types of measures:

• Objective Measures: quantitative and based on counts of behaviors or outcomes. Ex: number of students in a class, multiple choice exam.
• Subjective Measures: qualitative and based on judgments from raters.

Explain the value of using multiple sources for performance appraisal ratings

Common Problems with Performance Measures (1/2) Rater Errors. Rating errors occur when:

1. Raters provide assessments that follow an undesirable pattern.
2. The rater does not properly account for factors that might influence assessments.

A common error is central tendency error, which is the pattern of placing almost everyone in the middle of the scale.... Continue reading "Performance Measures, Appraisals, and Compensation Practices" »

CPK Financial Strategies

Shareholder Compensation Methods

CPK has several methods to compensate shareholders:

1. Dividend Payout: CPK must decide to pay a dividend as another method to compensate shareholders.
2. Share Repurchase: It could carry out a share repurchase, which is a transaction where a company buys back its own shares from the marketplace. A company might buy back its shares because management considers them undervalued. CPK’s share price has declined 10% in the recent period, so by repurchasing shares it would create a positive signal to the stock market, resulting in an increase of stock price, and it would generate incremental economic value.
3. Dividend Policy: It could also carry out a dividend policy, which is the policy a company uses

Key Concepts in Business Management

What is Quest Analysis?

Quest analysis involves questions managers ask to understand their business environment. For example:

• Who are my customers?
• What do they demand from me?
• In what way do I meet these demands?
• How can I prove myself?

How is Quality Measured in a Firm?

Measuring quality isn't a single, simple process, even though it's used to measure profit. Profit growth, market share, or return on capital invested can be used to judge how well a quality system has worked.

Taguchi Method

The Taguchi method describes a system's capability to produce goods or services to a specification. It helps quantify the loss due to a lack of quality in a performance characteristic, with the objective of identifying the real... Continue reading "Key Concepts: Quest Analysis, Quality Measurement, and More" »

HOT ZONE

equatorial- between 10ºN 10ºS , temperatures around 25ºC with little variation. Hot all the year. Annual precipitation higher than 2000mm. Rainforest (dense green vegetation)

tropical-10º and 30º N, the same S, annual temperature 20ºc variation between 10, 3ºC. Precipitation 2000mm south east asia, less than 400mm near desserts. Tropical rainforest and savannah.

desert- shares latitudes with tropical climates.  annual 20ºc, bid differences between day and night. Unde 250mm, irregular. Vegetation only at oasis.

TEMPERATE CLIMATES

mediterranean. 30º and 40º. Hot summers , mild winters, annual temperature between 10ºc  and 18ºc. Between 900mm and 300mm a year irregular. Woodland (holm oak and cork trees) and scrub.

Oceanic or