Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

What are the three pillars of the NPT?

a) No acquisition, No Transfer of nuclear weapons

b) Nuclear-weapon-states guarantee non-nuclear-weapon states’ peaceful use of nuclear energy as an inalienable right of all states (Art IV, V).

c) Nuclear-weapon-states undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on nuclear disarmament (Art. VI).

Briefly explain the “Safeguards Agreement”

The Safeguards Agreement serves to allow the IAEA the authority to verify the fulfilment of a concerned country’s obligation under the NPT with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons.

What is the criterion to distinguish between the legitimate nuclear-weapon states and the non-nuclear-weapon states under the NPT?

Non-... Continue reading "Key Aspects of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" »

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Verb Tenses

Present Simple

Actions that happen habitually. Subject + Verb (e.g., I don't talk, he eats)

Present Continuous

Action happening at this moment: Subject + to be + gerund (e.g., I'm talking, he isn't eating)

Past Simple

Action that began and ended in the past: Subject + past tense verb (e.g., She was/wasn't a doctor, I wanted/didn't want to dance)

Past Continuous

Action interrupted in the past (e.g., I was talking)

Present Perfect Simple

e.g., I have talked to Peter / He hablado con Peter

Past Perfect Simple

e.g., They had studied (habían estudiado)

Future Simple

Predicting the future: I will call you tonight / be going to (planned future action) - I'm going to call you.

Future Perfect Simple

Actions completed by a certain... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Tenses, Reported Speech, and More" »

**Gerunds and Infinitives**

Understanding the use of gerunds and infinitives is crucial for mastering English. Let's delve into some specific verbs and phrases:

• **Forget, Remember, Try, Regret:**
  • When followed by a gerund (*-ing*), these verbs refer to a past action.
  • When followed by an infinitive (*to* + base verb), they refer to a present or future action.

**Common Phrases with Gerunds**

• **Get used to** (*-ing*)
• **Be used to** (*-ing*)
• **Look forward to** (*-ing*)
• **Can't stand** (*-ing*)
• **Wouldn't mind** (*-ing*)

**Composition Writing Tips**

Here's a basic structure for writing a descriptive composition:

1. **Introduction:** "In this composition, I am going to describe..." (state the topic).
2. **Body Paragraphs:**
   • "In this place, you can do a lot of things

WAITER: mesero

WAITRESS: mesera

CUSTOMERS: clientes

DESSERT: postre

MAIN COURSE: plato principal

WOULD YOU LIKE: le gustaría

WHAT DO YOU EAT FOR (LUNCH, BREAKFAST, DINNER): qué comes tú?

SOMETHING TO EAT/DRINK: algo para comer, beber

(Monday-Tuesday-Wednesday-Thursday-Friday-Saturday-Sunday)

THERE IS: hay mi teléfono / Singular

THERE ARE: hay mis... jeans, carros / Plural

BE GOING: planes o intenciones (Voy a bailar con mis amigos)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: acción futura con día y fecha (Estoy bailando con mis amigos el lunes a las 20:00)

On Monday I am going to London with my friends. We are going by car. My friends and I are staying at a great hotel there in London where we are going to relax and have fun. There is a spa and gym at the place we are staying

Cooperative Culture: The values, beliefs, and traditions in a company that influence the behavior of its staff. It's important for job seekers to know about an organization's culture before accepting a job.

Cultura cooperativa: Los valores, creencias y tradiciones en una empresa que influyen en el comportamiento de su personal. Es importante que los solicitantes de empleo sepan sobre la cultura de una organización antes de aceptar un puesto de trabajo.

Informal Communication & Actions

Company Attributes

Do business, a job • make money, a loss • launch a product, a campaign • cut costs, jobs • reach a decision, a target • run a business, a company

PAST SIMPLE • Yesterday • Last week/month/year etc • Ago • In/at/on + time e.g. on Monday

PRESENT PERFECT • Since • For • Yet • Already • Just • So far/up to now • Always/ever/never

• 1. The staff training programme was upgraded a) Last year b) in the late 1990s • 2. The first computer was invented a) In the 20th century c) many years ago • 3. It has been a difficult year in Portugal b) so far c) till now • 4. They have b) already c) never met their targets • 5. How many new products have they launched a) Since last summer b) this year?

•In – for long periods... Continue reading "Business English Grammar and Vocabulary Exercises" »

We assume that cotton yarn is a normal good, and that the population is growing while income per capita is increasing. This graph shows how demand shifts to the left, resulting in an increase in both price (P) and quantity demanded (Q) if ceteris paribus (CP) holds.

However, there have been some changes that have made cotton yarn cheaper. Firstly, there have been significant technological advancements such as the water frame or the mule jenny. These innovations were not cheap, but they led to the emergence of the factory system, which benefited from economies of scale and reduced the average cost per unit.

Moreover, technology has also had an impact on labor, as it enabled the utilization of cheap labor sources such as women and children. These... Continue reading "The Impact of Technological Innovations on the Cotton Yarn Market" »

Aphra Behn: Oroonoko

2. Aphra BEHN, Oroonoko or, The Royal Slave. 1688

About slavery in an American colony called Surinam, in the West Indies. She talks about a young man who sees a maid girl. Then she talks as well about the way the slaves live.

3. Mary ASTELL, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest. By a Lover of her Sex. 1664

Critics about women and her beauty, because they have to focus on her intelligence, in a religious way.

4. Rochester, The Disabled Debauchee.

Poem, complicated, about an admiral, it describes his life. He’s seen some wars, the environment where he moved, there were people who were drinking, flirting, etc.

5. Jonathan SWIFT, A Modest Proposal.

Eating Irish children because... Continue reading "Literary Works: A Collection of Literary Works" »