Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

The Decline of the Hispanic Monarchy

Felipe III had the largest empire in the 17th century. He disliked ruling the country, so he delegated his authority to a valido, which was a kind of prime minister that depended on the king's favor. He faced several problems, but he was able to maintain its extension due to his pacifist policies:

• He signed a peace with England with the Treaty of London (1604).
• The Twelve Years' Truce with the Netherlands from 1609 to 1621 maintained peace, although it was an indirect way of recognizing the Northern Provinces' independence as the truce was not able to be renewed and then at the Thirty Years' War it was confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia.
• Peace with France was signed in 1598.

During his reign, the Moriscos... Continue reading "The Decline of the Hispanic Monarchy in the 17th Century" »

I. Listening Comprehension (15 points)

1. What does Susan have to do on Saturday morning? Clean the house
2. Where does Susan have to go at 12:30? To the dentist
3. What time is Susan meeting with Julie? At 2:00 p.m.
4. What will Susan do after she cooks dinner? Clean the dishes
5. Why can't they watch a video at Susan's house? The TV isn't working.

II. Vocabulary Assessment (10 points)

A. True or False Statements

1. Many board games are played with a pair of dice, six-sided numbered objects. TRUE
2. A comb is a tool used by mechanics to tighten or loosen nuts. FALSE
3. A carry-on bag is usually picked up at the baggage claim in airports. FALSE
4. People in a crowd are those who usually converge at a place for an event. TRUE
5. If you bet some money on a team to win a game, it could

Early Stages of the War

In the spring of 1940, the Germans launched a massive invasion known as the Blitzkrieg, meaning "Lightning War".

The Lend-Lease Act

The "Lend-Lease" plan in 1940 allowed the U.S. to lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the United States.

Pre-Pearl Harbor Actions

In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States.

Declarations of War

Germany declared war on the United States before the U.S. declared war on Germany.

American Strategy Against Japan

The main American strategy in World War II to fight Japan was to mount two offensive campaigns, attacking the Japanese from two directions.

Pacific Theater

One of the... Continue reading "Key Events of World War II: A Concise Overview" »

The Bourbon Dynasty in Spain and the War of Succession

The War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)

Charles II died in 1700 appointing Philip of Bourbon as his successor. The other European countries did not accept Charles's will and the War of Spanish Succession began. This was an international conflict as well as an internal conflict.

Castile and France supported Philip V whereas the rest of European countries (Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and Austria) and the Crown of Aragon defended Archduke Charles of Habsburg.

Philip V defeated Valencia and Aragon in the battle of Almansa (1707) and took Catalonia in 1714 and Mallorca in 1715.

The international conflict changed when Charles of Habsburg became the German emperor and lost interest in... Continue reading "Bourbon Dynasty in Spain: War of Succession & 18th Century" »

England

England - London, Oxford, Liverpool, plains and moors, 60 million dense, 36 countries, industrialized since 18th century. Biggest growth in computing and banking. Many cathedrals and churches, small villages, old market towns, long coastline. Lake District inspired romantic poems.

Scotland

Scotland - Full of traditions, 5 million inhabitants. Part of GB since 1707 but still remains independent. Hills, lakes (lochs), fast-flowing rivers, deep valleys. Big cities like Glasgow and Edinburgh are international centers of music, festival of music and drama, engineering, printing, legal and educational systems.

Wales

Wales - Mountainous country. English monarch has the title Prince of Wales. Long rivers, wide lakes, high hills. Highest peak is... Continue reading "The United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland" »

Caregiver Sensitivity

Caregiver sensitivity is the extent to which a parent responds to a child's signals appropriately and promptly, is positively involved during interactions, and provides a secure base for exploration.

Emotional Development

Emotions are key to understanding a child's interpretation of a situation.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate emotions is crucial for healthy development.

Temperament

Temperament styles include easy, slow to warm up, and difficult.

Emotions in Communication

Emotions act as a two-way channel for adult-infant communication, establishing intersubjectivity through social referencing.

Empathic Attunement

Attunement describes how reactive a person is to another's emotional needs and moods. A well-attuned person... Continue reading "Child Development: Emotional Growth and Caregiver Sensitivity" »

●Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Erikson proposed eight stages of development

A period of life that is characterized by a specific underlying Organization

These stages follow the epigenetic principle

Biological plan for growth allows each function to emerge systematically Until the individual has fully developed

1-Oral-sensory Infant 18 months (Basic trust vs mistrust)

2-Muscular-anal 18 months- 3 years (Autonomy vs shame, Doubt)

3-Locomotor-genital 3-5 (Initiative vs guilt)

4-Latency 5-13(Industry vs inferiority)

5-Puberty and adolescence 13-21 (Identity vs Role confusion)

6-Young adulthood 21-39(Intimacy vs Isolation)

7-Adulthood 40-65 (Generativity vs Stagnation)

8-Maturity 65-older(Ego integrity vs Despair)

●Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral... Continue reading "Born of affection" »

What is ethics?

A brand of philosophy that focuses on moral issues.

What is managerial ethics?

The study of morality and standards of business conduct.

Ethic Dilemma VS. Ethical Lapses

E.D. - Having to make a choice between two competing but arguably valid options.

E.L. - Decision that is contrary to an individual's beliefs and policies of the company.

Nike & the Sweatshop Labor Controversy:

• Increased the minimum age at factories
• Adopted U.S. Clean Air regulations
• Disclosed the locations and permitted independent monitoring
• Offered micro loans to workers
• Helped form fair labor association to monitor overseas working conditions
• Built schools and health clinics in worker communities

Basic Approaches to ethical decision making

• Utilitarian: consequences
• Moral

II- Processes Relevant to Drug Therapy: Pharma/PK/PD

Drug Phases:

• Phase 1 (Pharmaceutical Phase): Drug taken orally becomes soluble, allowing it to pass through biological membranes. This phase is absent in subcutaneous, IM, and IV administration.
• Phase 2 (Pharmacokinetic Phase): Involves absorption (primarily through the small intestine), distribution, metabolism (biotransformation, mainly in the liver), and excretion.
• Phase 3 (Pharmacodynamic Phase): Refers to the biological or physiological response to the drug.

Pharmaceutics Phase (Dissolution):

This is the initial stage of drug action and involves two steps:

• Disintegration: The breakdown of tablets into smaller particles.
• Dissolution: The dissolving of these smaller particles into gastrointestinal