Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Literature (449-1066)

Old English literature, also referred to as Anglo-Saxon literature, is dated between 449/600 (the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) and 1100/1200 (the establishment of Norman rule). It is hypothesized that until the sixth century BC, the British Isles were inhabited by Iberians, and from the sixth to seventh centuries BC by Celts. It also represents the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in England.

This period was characterized by foreign invasions and internal struggles, resulting in the mixing of several races, languages, and cultures. Life was mostly centered on ancestral tribes or clans. Initially, people... Continue reading "Anglo-Saxon Literature: History, Culture, and Key Works" »

Carbon's Versatility

Carbon is a versatile atom due to its ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. This allows carbon to create a wide variety of organic molecules with diverse structures and functions.

Definitions:

• Organic Compound: A compound containing carbon that is typically found in living organisms.
• Hydrocarbon: An organic compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Macromolecule: A large molecule formed by the joining of smaller repeating units (monomers). Examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions

Dehydration Reaction:

A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction where water is removed from the reactants to form a larger molecule.... Continue reading "Organic Molecules: Structure and Function" »

Langston Hughes: A Literary Legacy (1930s-1960s)

Langston Hughes, a pivotal figure in American literature, began his prolific career with the cordial reception of Not Without Laughter (1930), his first prose volume, shortly after his graduation. The 1930s marked a significant shift in his poetic focus, turning more forcefully toward racial justice and political radicalism.

Activism and Global Engagements

Hughes's commitment to social justice was evident in his extensive travels and reportage:

• In 1931, he traveled through the American South, notably decrying the injustices of the Scottsboro case.
• His international journeys took him widely across the Soviet Union, Haiti, Japan, and other regions.
• He served as a newspaper correspondent in 1937 during

English Connectors & Spanish Translations

• although: aunque
• also: también
• as: como / ya que / mientras
• as well: así también
• as well as: tanto como
• because of: a causa de
• both...and: ambos...y
• consequently: consecuentemente
• despite: a pesar de
• due to: debido a
• either...or: o...o
• even though: aunque
• for: por / para
• furthermore: además
• however: sin embargo
• in addition: además
• in fact: de hecho
• in order to: para
• in spite of: a pesar de
• moreover: además
• neither...nor: ni...ni
• nevertheless: sin embargo / no obstante
• not only...but also: no solo...sino también
• obviously: obviamente
• on the other hand: por otro lado
• or: o
• owing to: debido a
• since: desde / ya que
• so as to: para
• so that: para que
• therefore: por lo tanto
• though: aunque
• to: a / para
• too: también
• unfortunately:

Animal Rights Vocabulary

• Mistreat: maltratar
• Tame: domesticado
• Endangered species: especies en vías de extinción
• Extinct: extinguido
• Cage: jaula
• Wildlife: vida salvaje
• Laboratory: laboratorio
• Research: investigación
• Experiment: experimento
• Human guinea pigs: conejillos de indias humanos
• Species: especie
• Breed: criar
• Ethical: ético
• Hunt: cazar
• Free-range: ecológico, de granja
• Vegetarian: vegetariano
• Factory farms: producción industrial de animales de granja
• In captivity: en cautiverio

Nature or Nurture Concepts

• Formative: developmental
• Portrayed: depicted, shown
• Dog-like: with characteristics similar to a dog
• Upbringing: raising
• Raw: uncooked
• Orphanage: center where children whose parents have died

Phrasal Verbs Related to Care & Acquisition

• Bring up: raise

Non-renewable Energy

Advantages:

• Cheap
• Easy to store and transport

Disadvantages:

• Greenhouse gases (CO2)
• Will run out
• Pollution and environmental damage

Coal:

Major producer: China. Heat and oxygen react with carbon in coal to produce CO2 and heat.

Oil:

Major producers: Asia, USA, and Europe. Liquid derived from petroleum, used as fuel or lubricant.

Natural Gas:

Major producers: America, Russia, Europe, and China. Less harmful than coal and oil.

Nuclear Energy:

Major producers: Ukraine and Japan. Uses uranium; water turns into steam to produce electricity. Relatively clean (water vapor), reliable.

Renewable Energy

Advantages:

• Sustainable
• Clean
• Reduces CO2 emissions
• Does not pollute the air

Disadvantages:

• Expensive
• Can be noisy (wind)
• Difficult to store
• Dependent on

INCOTERMS

Series of predefined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce intended to communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods.

EXW:

Places minimum responsibility on the seller, who merely has to make the goods available suitably packaged. The buyer is responsible for loading the goods into a vehicle and all export procedures.

FCA:

Very flexible rule that is suitable for all situations where the buyer arranges the main carriage. The seller is responsible for export clearance. The buyer assumes all risks and costs after the goods have been delivered at the named place.

FAS:

Seller delivers goods, cleared for export, alongside the vessel at a named port. Risk transfers... Continue reading "Understanding INCOTERMS: A Guide to International Trade" »

Masterpiece

a. A 'masterpiece' is painted by a master who is capable of materializing his own vision as well as expanding the vision of those viewers

b. The artist through his piece can transform a personal experience into a universal one.

c. Stays with you for the rest of your life. Impactful.

d. Feelings should be evoked.

e. Style, Technique, Balance and harmony. Motive.

f. Window to the past.

g. Examples

• The Pieta
  1. Michelangelo’s sculpture of Virgin Mary holding her dying son.
  2. Masterpiece that is simply perfect
  3. Nothing can be done to improve the piece
  4. The figure of Jesus is out of proportion compared to Mary
  5. The statue flows, and the clothes/tunics flow in an extremely realistic manner.
  6. Great attention to detail.
  7. Renaissance ideals of classical beauty