Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Grasslands

In general terms, a grassland ecosystem is characterized by huge open lands where the vegetation includes different types of grasses with very few trees. There are six main types: tropical grasslands, temperate grasslands, flooded grasslands, tundra grasslands, montane grasslands, and xeric grasslands. Tropical grasslands receive 50-130 cm of rainfall, while temperate grasslands receive 25-75 cm.

Key Characteristics of Grasslands

• Limited annual rainfall
• Dry climate
• Lack of nutrients in the soil
• Frequent droughts and uncertain precipitation
• Frequent forest fires due to semi-arid climate and flash lightning
• Poor vegetation dominated by grasses
• Home to a variety of animal species

Deserts

Most hot deserts occur in high air pressure areas where... Continue reading "Major Ecosystems and Environmental Concepts" »

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

The nervous system receives external and internal stimuli, interprets them, and decides an appropriate response. The response is executed by the effector organ or tissue. Nervous tissue is made up of cells called neurons.

Stimulus → Nervous System → Effectors → Muscles, Glands

Neuron Structure

• Cell body: The central part of the neuron.
• Dendrites: Extensions of the cell body. They receive the nerve impulse and transmit it to the cell body.
• Axon: A long fiber extending from the cell body. It transmits the nerve impulse to other neurons or effector cells.
• Myelin sheath: This layer protects the axon and increases the speed of the nerve impulse.
• Axon terminals: These are located at the end of the axon. They contain neurotransmitters,

Travel and Tourism Organizations

The travel and tourism industry includes a variety of organizations. Travel organizations include airlines, train companies, and cruise operators. Tourism organizations encompass a broader range, including travel agents, tour operators, accommodation providers, food and drink providers, visitor attractions, and ancillary service providers.

Travel Agents

Travel agents sell the products and services that other tourism organizations provide, including ancillary services. A travel agent can be a physical retail shop, an online business using websites or social media, or a specialist in one type of tourism, such as business travel or independent travel.

Tour Operators

Tour operators organize travel and tourism packages... Continue reading "Key Players in the Travel and Tourism Industry" »

Reading Comprehension Answers

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. b
2. a
3. c
4. a
5. b

Part 2: Short Answers

1. hundreds of accountants
2. call prospective customers
3. call companies that will be interested in your services
4. be an effective way to promote your business
5. can help you manage it

Vocabulary Exercise Keys

Part 1: Business Terminology

1. renovations
2. competitors
3. deductions
4. specialises (or specializes)
5. wastes
6. shareholders
7. regrets
8. tests

Part 2: Matching and Financial Terms

Matching (1-5)

1. c
2. d
3. e
4. b
5. a

Key Business Concepts (1-5)

1. accrued expenses
2. share capital
3. focus group
4. net worth
5. marketing strategy

Part 3: Fill-in-the-Blanks

1. creditors
2. tax
3. liabilities
4. call
5. increased
6. figures
7. profit

Part 4: Selection

The correct items are: 1, 4, 7, 8.

Part 5: Phrases and Dialogue Completion

1. brand, I don’t mind
2. demand, promotion
3. gone out

Functions of a Financial Market

• Connecting Buyers and Sellers: Facilitates the meeting of buyers and sellers of financial assets without needing a physical location.
• Issuance and Exchange of Assets: Supports the creation (primary markets) and subsequent trading (secondary markets) of financial assets.
• Price Determination: Establishes the prices of financial assets through various pricing mechanisms, such as supply and demand or predetermined conditions.
• Public Information: Disseminates information about asset prices, trading mechanisms, and pricing systems.
• Providing Liquidity: Ensures that assets can be easily converted into cash without significant loss of value.
• Reducing Transaction Costs: Lowers the costs related to finding counterparts and determining

Reported Speech Transformation Examples

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to communicate what someone else said without using their exact words. Below are several examples of how to transform direct speech into reported speech using various reporting verbs.

1. "No, I didn't break the window," Billy said.
   Billy denied breaking the window.
2. "I'm sorry I shouted at you," Mary told Peter.
   Mary apologised to Peter for shouting at him.
3. "It only works if you press the green button," he explained.
   He explained that it only worked if I pressed the green button.
4. "Let's go to the cinema this afternoon," Paul said.
   Paul suggested going to the cinema that afternoon.
5. "It's true. I took the bicycle," Saul said.
   Saul admitted taking the bicycle.
6. "No,

Hotel Hospitality Exam Answers and Vocabulary

Set A — Exercise 1

1. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. DS

Set A — Exercise 2

2. 1. On 28 July at 11 p.m. 2. Because they arrived late, their room wasn’t available. / There were no rooms available. 3. Hotel regulation: Guests must pay for the room in advance if they want the hotel to keep the room after the expected arrival time. 4. The price was £100 more than the Lotus Hotel. 5. Pay compensation for the trouble and expense.

Set A — Vocabulary 1

1. 1. overtime 5. salary 2. age 6. premises 3. unattended 7. refused 4. rude 8. accompanying

Set A — Vocabulary 2

2. 1. unpaid leave 5. standard room 2. video clip 6. laundry service 3. fitness centre 7. body language 4. storage space 8. return ticket

Set A —

English Phonetics: A Comprehensive Guide

Vowels

Vowels are defined as speech sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the mouth. They are characterized by 12 features:

• Direction of the air
• Height of the tongue: high, low, and mid vowels
• Part of the tongue raised: front, central, or back
• Position of the lips: rounded or spread
• Length: short or long

Vowels can be classified as either monophthongs or diphthongs. Monophthongs are single vowel sounds, while diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds that glide together.

Consonants

Consonants are defined as speech sounds produced with a constriction or closure in the vocal tract, obstructing the flow of air. They are characterized by 24 features:

• Vocal cords:

The Plan Unfolds

Jeremy turned his gaze back towards the old dance studio. He could see movement inside, and he knew that in just a few short moments his chance would come. He thought back to his plan. To start a new life, he would have to take someone with him...

The Abduction

Slowly he crept out of his van. The harsh wind slapped him across his face, and it was raining harder than ever. He slowly and silently made his way over to the door of the studio and stood beyond a pole. The door creaked as it was suddenly pushed open. Someone was coming out. Jeremy leapt out from the darkness of his hiding place. He had to be sure it was the right person. In the light shining out from the door, he could make out a small figure with wispy blonde hair.... Continue reading "A New Life's Dark Beginning" »