Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Neurology: Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain: Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain Stem
• Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Spinal Nerves
• Peripheral Nerves

Supporting Structures

• Meninges: Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Physiology of the Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Functions

• Autonomic Nervous System:
  • Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
  • Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
• Somatic Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Functions

• Cerebrum & Diencephalon: Higher cognitive functions
• Cerebellum: Helps with movement coordination
• Brain Stem: Regulates vital functions like temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate

Common Neurological Signs

Endocrine System Overview

Key glands involved in the endocrine system include:

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes (in males)
• Ovaries (in females)

Hormone Types and Examples

Steroid Hormones

Produced by:

• Testes and Ovaries (e.g., testosterone, estrogen)
• Adrenal Cortex (e.g., cortisol)

Polypeptide Hormones

Produced by:

• Pituitary Gland (e.g., Human Growth Hormone - HGH, Luteinizing Hormone - LH)
• Pancreas (e.g., insulin)
• Hypothalamus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - GHRH)

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Produced by:

• Adrenal Medulla (e.g., epinephrine)
• Thyroid Gland (e.g., thyroxine)

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Cause: The pancreas fails to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Signs &

Store brands lift grocers in troubled times.

Abortion on demand a step too far for Spanish right.

How's my driving? ask my car.

How racist is Britain?

Amphibians may soon disappear.

Britain'

1. True or False Statements

Copy the evidence from the text. No marks are given for only TRUE or FALSE. (Maximum Score: 2 points)

1. While testing the Google car, humans never had to take control and drive it.

   FALSE: With someone behind the wheel to take control if something goes wrong, seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.

   [Incorrect Proposal Feedback: TRUE: ...seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.]

2. Since robot cars can be made to weigh less, they will use less petrol.

   TRUE: Because the robot cars would eventually be less likely to crash, they could be built lighter, reducing fuel consumption.

2. Comprehension Questions (In Your Own Words)

Based on the ideas in the... Continue reading "Autonomous Vehicle Facts and Comprehension Check" »

Class-Based Society Structure During Industrialization

During the Industrial Revolution, society was distinctly divided into three main groups:

The Upper Class

Comprising the wealthiest individuals, this class included:

• Wealthy Bourgeoisie: Obtained large profits from industrial ventures, becoming the dominant social group.
• Nobility: Received high incomes from their extensive agricultural holdings.

The Middle Class

This group represented a medium level of wealth and included:

• Civil servants, lawyers, and doctors.
• Small-scale merchants and craftspeople.
• Farmers with small agricultural holdings.

The Working Class

Living in extreme poverty, this class consisted of:

• Industrial workers who toiled in factories.
• Tenant farmers and agricultural labourers.

Life in

Long-Term Causes of World War II

1. The Treaty of Versailles: In Germany, people resented the Treaty of Versailles, which Hitler had promised to destroy. He broke its conditions, firstly by rebuilding Germany's armed forces. Then, in 1936, he reoccupied the Rhineland, an important industrial region that had been made a demilitarized zone by the treaty.

2. The Failure of the League of Nations: The League of Nations was created to keep the peace, but it was unable to prevent the Second World War. In general, the organization failed because it could not enforce treaties or impose its decisions.

3. Expansionism: Authoritarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan felt that they needed to expand the territory under their control in order to acquire... Continue reading "World War II: Origins, Turning Points, and Conclusion" »

Discuss results of Spiteri et al.

Spiteri found that stronger athletes had faster total time during the COD performance test. Stronger athletes had overall better breaking & propulsive vertical, horizon force, and impulse.

Discuss results of Bloomfield (2007)

Bloomfield showed that there was a larger % improvement with SAQ equipment on many variables compared to w/o SAQ equip train, however there seems to be really no big different improvements when looking at each variable. Suggest that although SAQ equip could be handy, equip training itself cannot be said to be superior compared to no equip training.

What is the refractory period?

Delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli. How soon a person can switch from making a goal-... Continue reading "Improving Change of Direction Speed in Basketball Players" »

Defining Plyometrics

Plyometrics is a training method focused on developing explosive power. It utilizes the stretch-shortening cycle, which consists of three phases:

• Eccentric: Stretching of the agonist muscle, storing elastic energy in the series elastic component.
• Amortization: The brief pause between the eccentric and concentric phases.
• Concentric: Shortening of the agonist muscle, releasing the stored elastic energy from the series elastic component.

Key Factors for a Plyometric Training Program

A successful plyometric training program considers the following factors:

• Progressive Overload: Gradually increasing the training stimulus over time.
• Specificity: Training movements should be specific to the demands of the sport.
• Sport-Specific Patterns:

4Match a word from A with a definition from B.

1       Creature A living animal or person

2       Hell  place where bad People are punished when they die

3       Hound  kind of dog

4       Marsh Very wet, soft ground

5       Moor  Open, rough, windy Land without trees

5Fill in the gaps using creep, faint, hunt, mark, sink. Careful: sometimes you need to Change the form of a word

a   ‘If Animals or men go into the marsh, they will sink Into it and die.’

b   ‘The People say it’s the Hound of the Baskervilles, which is calling for something To hunt and kill.’

c   ‘Why Had she nearly fainted when I told her             about the letter?’

d   ‘The Fog was creeping up from the marsh towards the House.

Vocabulary

1.

• debts
• went out of business
• on sale
• receipt
• nagging
• belongings
• got rid of
• free of charge

2.

• pick … up
• come up with
• stocking up on
• comes to
• shop around
• pick out
• gave away
• giving out

3. Possible Answers:

• is out of bounds
• looked miserable when he heard the results
• I get a refund
• can’t afford the tickets
• check the price tag
• was overpriced, so she didn’t buy it
• are friends with the shopkeeper

4.

• pastime
• afford
• bargain
• miserable
• get rid of
• make an effort
• sweatshop

Grammar

1.

• d
• a
• e
• f
• b
• c

2.

• would whisper
• wouldn’t have recognised; had seen
• Call; receive
• wouldn’t have made; had known

3.

• Tommy wouldn’t have arrived late at work if he had woken up on time.
• I will prepare a meal if you visit me.
• My marks wouldn’t have improved if I hadn’t studied harder.
• He would be healthier