Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Conditional Sentences in English

• Zero Conditional: Present + Present
  • If you heat water, it boils.
• First Conditional: Present + Future
  • If we leave now, we will catch the bus.
• Second Conditional: Past Simple + Would + Base Verb
  • If you played well, you would win.
  • If you were on Venus, you would see the sun.
• Third Conditional: Past Perfect (Had + Past Participle) + Would Have + Past Participle
  • If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

Protecting Our Planet: Simple Steps for a Big Impact

We've heard it since we were young: the Earth is in trouble. Our planet's health is deteriorating. But how can one person make a difference? There are many ways to help, and many are tied to your daily life.

Everyday Actions for Environmental Care

• Shopping Bags: When you go

According to economic theory, under what assumption is the existence of a natural monopoly efficient?

R. It exists when a market is provided in the cheapest and most efficient way by a single company with decreasing costs.

In this market structure there is only one buyer and one or more suppliers.

R. Monopsony

PART III

El concepto de Agente Económico ha sido debatido constantemente en el campo de competencia económica, si bien la definición de la Ley busca comprender a la totalidad del concepto para facultar a la autoridad en su uso, este término no ha sido ajeno a interpretaciones judiciales que han limitado su aplicación en la práctica.

The term economic agent has also been subject to judicial review and interpretation. In some cases, the

English Vocabulary Builder

Essential Words and Phrases

Verbs

Action Verbs

• Blow up: explode
• Wipe out: make everything disappear/eliminate
• Wrap up: envelop
• Carry out: llevar a cabo
• Collide with/Crash into: estrellar/chocar
• Pick up: recoger/ir a buscar
• Put off: postpone
• Take off: quitarse una prenda/despegar
• Call off: cancel
• Catch on: understand
• Work out: find out
• Try out: try

Phrasal Verbs

• Show someone the ropes: explain to someone how to do an activity
• Pull your weight: work as hard as other people
• Hire: contratar/alquilar
• Break down: romperse
• Deal with: tratar con
• Slack off: vaguear
• Share profits: compartir las ganancias
• Dare: atreverse
• Take for granted: no saber valorar
• Take sides: tomar partido
• Run wild: descontrolarse
• Run short of: quedarse sin
• Run an errand: hacer

Introduction

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the regular pattern of verb conjugation. In English, there are many irregular verbs, and they can be challenging for learners to master. This guide will provide a comprehensive overview of irregular verbs in English, including their present tense, past tense, and participle forms.

Present Tense

The present tense of irregular verbs is used to describe actions or states that are happening now. The following table lists the present tense forms of some common irregular verbs:

| Verb | Present Tense | |---|---| | Be | am, is, are | | Become | become | | Begin | begin | | Break | break | | Bring | bring | | Build | build | | Buy | buy | | Catch | catch | | Come | come | | Cost | cost | | Do |... Continue reading "Irregular Verbs in English: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Data Source and Currency

This comprehensive table presents detailed information on the minimum wage in various countries. The data is sourced from Eurostat, and the currency used is the euro.

Notable Changes

It is noteworthy that some countries have experienced minor adjustments to their minimum wage, such as Montenegro, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Highest and Second-Highest Minimum Wages

Luxembourg boasts the highest minimum wage globally, at one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight point forty-seven euros. Ireland follows closely with a minimum wage of one thousand six hundred and thirteen point ninety-five euros.

Ireland's Minimum Wage Trend

Ireland has witnessed a significant increase in its minimum wage over the years. Just four years... Continue reading "Minimum Wage Comparison Across Countries" »

Common Expressions

• be bound to: ser/estar seguro de que
• down to earth: con los pies en la tierra, realista, práctico
• get training: prepararse, formarse, recibir formación
• (have got) common sense: (tener) sentido común
• in charge of: a cargo de
• odd jobs: trabajillos, trabajos esporádicos
• run away: escaparse, marcharse
• see the point: encontrar/ver el sentido, entender el porqué
• steady job: trabajo fijo
• work well under pressure: trabajar bien bajo presión

Financial Terms

• Bankruptcy: banca rota, quiebra.
• Corporation tax: impuesto de sociedades (empresas...).
• Inheritance tax: impuesto de sucesiones (por heredar).
• Tax rebate: devolución fiscal.
• Postal order: giro postal.
• Miscellaneous costs: gastos diversos.
• Contingent expenses: gastos imprevistos.
• Wage: salario.

Leavisite Critique of Mass Culture

The Pre-Industrial Ideal vs. Mass Civilization

The Leavises argued that everything was different prior to the Industrial Revolution. As an example, the world of Shakespeare's contemporaries was one that boasted an organic, vital, common culture; the Industrial Revolution was seen as shattering the unity of this healthy organic, common culture. Mass civilization was characterized by increasing commercialism and declining standards. So, the Leavises associated the consumption of mass culture with passive diversion.

Consequences of Industrial Culture

There were, according to the Leavises, important consequences for the definition of culture. Given the worst effects of industrial culture, there was a need for society... Continue reading "Leavisite Critique of Mass Culture and Cultural Standards" »

English Vocabulary

Compound Adjectives

• Badly-dressed
• Fair-skinned
• Big-headed
• Free-spirited
• Blue-eyed
• Fun-loving
• Curly-haired
• Good-looking
• Easy-going
• Self-confident

Places and Lifestyles

• Dangerous - Safe
• Busy - Quiet
• Unfriendly - Welcoming
• Lively - Dull
• Green - Polluted
• Poor - Wealthy
• Historic - Modern
• Urban - Rural

Life Stages

• Grow up (in Spain)
• Fall in love (with someone)
• Get married (to someone)
• Leave home / school / university
• To / Degree / Of

Opinion, Belief, and Prediction

• How old do you reckon he is?
• Liam doubts your idea will work.
• Jane estimates she has spent $200.
• On the last question, I guessed the wrong answer.
• We can't predict what will happen next year.

Time Expressions

• I tried to explain... waste of time, they didn't...
• We finished our homework and spent the rest

Fixed Costs

Fixed costs are not a function of the output. They do not vary with the output. They cannot be avoided until the operation of the firm is closed. They are contractual (prime).

Recurring and Non-Recurring Costs

• Recurring: Predetermined expenses for running the business, e.g., salaries, repairs, maintenance.
• Non-Recurring: Not predetermined, regular budgeting, e.g., repair of a machine. Sometimes it is also planned.

Cost Estimation

Cost estimation is the process of finding an estimate, an approximation of a value, which will be used for some purpose, though it is completely uncertain and unstable. Estimation is typically a value from statistics used to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter.

Learning Curve

The learning... Continue reading "Cost Estimation and Management Decision Areas in Business" »

Property Rights, Security Interests, and Land Registration

Security Interests

Hypothec

A hypothec is a limited real right granted to a creditor, securing a debt with the debtor's movable or immovable property. It uses an immovable object as subject matter and does not require dispossession of the hypothecated asset. In case of default, the lender must first take possession of the security and then sell it.

Pledge

A pledge uses a movable object as subject matter and requires dispossession of the pledgor. The pledgee retains possession until the debt is repaid.

Mortgage

A mortgage can involve movable and immovable property and entails the transfer of ownership. It creates a charge against immovable property (anything attached to the earth).

Other Property