Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

The Middle Ages

Feudalism

Medieval Society

• Kings and Queens
• Rulers
• Nobility
• Lords and Knights
• Controlled the land
• Clergy
• Church officials
• Peasants
• Majority of the population
• Worked the land and served the nobles

Feudalism

A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

Feudalism

Developed as a result of frequent invasions in western Europe. Kings and nobles needed a way to protect their lands.

Feudalism

• Lords divided their lands into estates called fiefs.
• Fiefs (land) given to vassals.
• A person granted land in return for loyalty or military service.
• All nobles were vassals to the king.

Feudalism

• Knights: Mounted warriors who protected lord’s lands. Given land for their services.
• Chivalry:

1. The Crusades and Anti-Semitism

Why do some historians mark the Crusades as the beginning of anti-Semitism in Europe?

Some historians view the Crusades as a catalyst for anti-Semitism in Europe. The crusaders' primary goal was to conquer Jerusalem, a city of immense religious significance to both Christians and Jews. During their journey, crusaders perpetrated violence against Jewish communities along the way, engaging in massacres and plunder. This violence stemmed from the belief that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus, a sentiment deeply ingrained in the Christian world at the time. These events are seen by some historians as an early manifestation of organized Christian violence against Jews, fueled by religious intolerance and... Continue reading "The Crusades: Origins, Impact, and Key Figures" »

int opcion=0;

double cantidad, vuelto;

double pago, total = 0;

string[,] fruta = { { 'Manzana', '4.9' }, { 'Pera', '5.5' }, { 'Naranja', '8.6' }, { 'Platano', '2.7' } ,{ 'Fresa', '1.9' } ,{ 'Piña', '2.4' }, { 'Papaya', '4.2' }, { 'Sandia', '3.4' } ,{ 'Durazno', '3.5' } };

String[,] añaFruta = newString[50, 5];

int i=0, j=0;

int añadir = 0,tFruta=0;

do{

do{

i = 0;

Console.Write('_________________________ ' +

'FRUTERIA .... '+

'1) AÑADIR FRUTA. ');

while (i < 9)

{ Console.Write(i+2+') '+fruta[i,0]+' ');

i++;

}

if(añadir>0)

{j = 11;

i = 0;

tFruta = añadir+9;

while (i < añadir)

{Console.Write(j + ') ' + añaFruta[i, 0] + ' ');

j++;i++;

}

}

else { tFruta = 9; }

Console.Write(tFruta + 2+') Pagar. ');

opcion = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine(

Unit 1: Vocabulary

Technology: Instruction Verbs

• browse: echar un vistazo
• charge: cargar
• plug in: enchufar
• press: presionar
• scroll: desplazar
• stream: transmitir
• swipe: deslizar
• switch on: encender
• tap: tocar
• text: texto / enviar un mensaje
• update: actualizar

Technology Adjectives

• automatic: automático
• convenient: conveniente
• efficient: eficiente
• heavy: pesado
• high quality: alta calidad
• impractical: poco práctico
• inconvenient: inconveniente
• inefficient: ineficiente
• light: ligero
• low quality: baja calidad
• manual: manual
• practical: práctico
• reliable: de confianza
• unreliable: no fiable
• useful: útil
• useless: inútil

Sports Verbs and Nouns

• archery: tiro con arco
• athletics: atletismo
• catch up: alcanzar
• kayaking: kayak / piragüismo
• miss out: perderse
• pick up: recoger
• rock climbing:

Roles in Communication

• Motivating: employees and creating a proper cooperative environment.
• Reporting: providing data for decision-making and spreading goals.
• Controlling: performance of plans and behavior of members.
• Expressing: emotions about work achievements and relating organization with environment.

Communication Elements

• The sender: person transmitting the message.
• The receivers: recipients of the message.
• The message: information transmitted by sender.
• The channel: medium through which message is transmitted.
• The code: set of signs and symbols transmitting the message.
• The context: location, time, culture of participants.

Barriers to Communication

• Factors related to context: location or timing.
• Factors related to message/channel: noise.
• Factors related

The American Revolution's Influence on France

The Declaration of Independence of the US of America defended the inalienable rights of the citizen, the separation of powers, and the right to elect a government.

Enlightenment principles and the American Revolution gave the bourgeoisie new ideas. They proposed new forms of social organization and government. This led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France.

Causes of the French Revolution

• Social and Economic Crisis: 80% of poor peasants were upset with the land system, property rights, and excessive taxes.
• Financial Crisis: Price increases and financial strain caused by numerous wars.

The Revolution Begins (May 1789)

The Estates-General met in May 1789. They created the National Assembly, aiming... Continue reading "The French Revolution: Causes, Legacy, and Enlightenment Principles" »

Understanding Sympathy

1. Earthquake in China vs. Pinky

2. Using imagination to understand someone else’s pain

3. Challenge of 'blind' sympathy

Adam Smith described sympathy as an automatic reaction. Whenever we see people in pain, we cringe. Whenever we see people happy, we cannot help but smile. Through our own faculties and senses, we attempt to imagine what it is like to feel another person’s life with our own. But the sympathy we feel for others is limited by their relative closeness. We tend to sympathize with those closer to us in a single moment than a multitude of people we have never met. Smith uses the example of an earthquake in China against the threat of a severed finger. Although people claim the loss of a finger is nothing to... Continue reading "Understanding Sympathy and Economic Perspectives" »

The Role of Sympathy in Economics

Adam Smith's Perspective on Sympathy

Adam Smith described sympathy as an automatic reaction that influences our economic behavior. He observed that people tend to reflect the emotions of others, feeling happiness or pain in response to the emotions displayed by those around them. However, Smith noted that sympathy has its limits, as we tend to sympathize more with those closer to us, such as family and friends, than with strangers.

For example, Smith argued that a person would be more distressed by the loss of their own finger than by an earthquake in a distant country, simply because they lack a personal connection to the victims of the earthquake. This limitation of sympathy, according to Smith, influences our... Continue reading "Sympathy in Economics: From Personal Connections to Global Markets" »

Present Perfect

Medical Specialties and Their Functions

Paediatrics:

Deals with sick children.

Pharmacy:

Dispenses medicines.

Renal Unit:

Treats kidney diseases.

Obstetrics:

Specializes in pregnancy and birth.

Pathology:

Studies illnesses and analyzes samples.

Dermatology:

Treats diseases of the skin.

Surgery:

Performs operations on patients.

Physiotherapy:

Designs special exercises for patients.

Haematology:

Studies blood disorders.

Orthopaedics:

Treats bones.

Cardiology:

Specializes in the heart.

Neurology:

Treats disorders of the nervous system.

Healthcare Professionals

• Anaesthetist
• Cardiologist
• Consultant
• Lab Technician
• Midwife

Medical Equipment and Instruments

X-ray Machine:

An imaging device used to view the inside of the body.

Scalpel:

A very sharp knife that is used for cutting through