Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Essential Characteristics

1. Incorporation

   The rights are tied to the writing. The instrument contains a right given by the document. Possession of the writing evidences the right.

2. Legitimation

   The person holding the instrument has the power to demand payment of the credit within.

3. Accuracy

   The terms of the instrument cannot be modified or amended from the moment of its creation.

4. What is accurately written in the text of the instrument becomes the right.

5. Autonomy

   The instrument is born when it is drafted and negotiated by its original maker.

   1. There is a personal relationship between the maker and the first holder. This repeats as it transfers from one hand to another.

   2. The instrument becomes more abstract, autonomous and independent from the reasons it was

Personal Property Classification

Personal Property

1. Goods. Are moveable, tangible property whose value depends upon its physical characteristics.
2. Intangibles. Are comprised of choses in action, like accounts and other contract rights, and certain miscellaneous rights such as informational rights and those protected by a patent, trademark, or copyright law.
3. Indispensable Paper.
   • The right itself, such as an obligation to pay money, is intangible, but with these types of property, the right is embodied in the writing, and the writing is tangible.
   • Its value does not lie in its physical characteristics but in the rights embodied in the paper.
   • The mechanism used to transfer the rights is physical delivery to the transferee of the paper itself, because the

Legal Theories on the Nature of Credit Instruments

1. Contractual Theory

   Contractual Theory. Influenced by civil law tradition, this theory states that the fundamental obligation of the legal relationship exists between the debtor and the creditor. The legal value of the document lies in the underlying transaction, not merely in the writing itself. It is not a declaration of intent but a mere detachment of the document, which establishes the concurrence between its content and the declaration, thereby giving birth to a commercial transaction through the submission of the document.

2. Unilateral Theory

   Unilateral Theory. The obligation is born from a simple unilateral promise, rather than an offer from the maker requiring acceptance or drafting and subscription.

SWOT is an acronym that stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A **SWOT analysis** is an organized list of your business’s greatest strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the company (think: reputation, patents, location). You can change them over time, but not without some work. Opportunities and threats are external (think: suppliers, competitors, prices)—they are out there in the market, happening whether you like it or not. You cannot change them.

VRIO Analysis: Resource Evaluation for Advantage

VRIO Analysis is an analytical technique brilliant for the evaluation of a company’s resources and thus its competitive advantage. VRIO is an acronym from the initials... Continue reading "Strategic Business Analysis Frameworks & Competitive Edge" »

Challenges of the Russian Provisional Government

In March 1917, when the Tsar's government collapsed, the members of the Duma established the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky.

The Provisional Government never truly ruled Russia. From the beginning, it was forced to share power with the Petrograd Soviet, which operated under Order No. 1. This rule stated that its members should only obey the Provisional Government if the Soviet agreed with its decisions. For this reason, the period from March to November 1917 is often referred to as the era of Dual Government in Russia.

Disastrously, because it was only a temporary body, the Provisional Government failed to carry out any major reforms. Its primary actions were the abolition of... Continue reading "The Fall of the Russian Provisional Government and Tsarism" »

Dialogue 12: Currency Exchange

12.

A: Hello. What can I do for you?

B: I’d like to exchange €300 for British pounds, please.

A: Can I see some ID, please?

B: Sure. Here’s my passport. What’s your exchange rate?

A: It’s £0.85 per euro. So €300 comes out to £255.

B: Would you like large banknotes or small ones?

A: I’d like a hundred of that in fives, tens and fifties, please. And could you give me some coins as well?

B: Of course. Here you are. Is there anything else I can help you with?

A: Yes… How much do you charge for cashing traveller’s cheques?

B: There’s no fee for that.

A: Great. Can you cash these, please?

B: €20, of course.

Dialogue 11: Car Rental Reservation

11.

A: Hello, Premier Car Rentals. How can I help you?

B: Hello. My... Continue reading "Travel English Dialogues: Currency & Car Rentals" »

Restaurant Conversation

Host: Good evening. Do you have a reservation?

Daniel: Yes, a table for two. My name is Daniel O'Connor.

Host: Come to this table, please.

Host: Are you ready to order?

Daniel: Yes, the soup and the mushroom ravioli, please. I'd like the mozzarella salad and then the chicken, please.

Host: What would you like to drink? Just water for me. A bottle of mineral water, please.

Host: Natural or sparkling? Is sparkling OK?

Daniel: Yes, sparkling.

Host: Thank you, sir.

Taxi and Travel Arrangements

Daniel: Could you call me a taxi, please?

Host: Yes, of course. Where to?

Daniel: To Paddington Station. And when would you like to go?

Daniel: Now, please. How much is it?

Driver: That's 15, please.

Daniel: Make it 15. And could I have a receipt?... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar and Conversational Phrases" »

Rutherford Experiment

The results of the gold foil experiment led to the discovery of a very densely packed bundle of matter with a positive electric charge. Rutherford called this positive bundle of matter the nucleus. He was trying to figure something else out and accidentally discovered this. As much of a discovery as the gold foil experiment was, it wasn’t discovered intentionally.

Atomic Number

Consists of the number of electrons or protons.

Mass Number

Consists of the protons added to the neutrons.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms. Example: H-H

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons. Example:... Continue reading "Introduction to Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding" »

My Weekend Activities

Last weekend, I got up at ten o'clock. I had breakfast, and then I got dressed. Later, I had lunch at my mother and father's in Ondara. In the afternoon, I went shopping with my mother, and I bought a jacket and four shirts. At night, I had dinner with my friend Angela at the "Barracuda". Then we had a cocktail.

English Vocabulary: Feelings and Emotions

• Tired: cansado
• Nervous: nervioso
• Excited: excitado
• Sad: triste
• Scared: asustado
• Thoughtful: pensativo
• Surprised: sorprendido
• Content: contento
• Frightened: asustado
• Silly: tonto
• Proud: orgulloso
• Angry: enfadado
• Hurt: dolido
• Annoyed: molesto
• Interested: interesado
• Grumpy: